prometheus/compact.go

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2017-04-10 18:59:45 +00:00
// Copyright 2017 The Prometheus Authors
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
package tsdb
import (
"fmt"
"io"
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"math/rand"
"os"
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"path/filepath"
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"sort"
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"time"
"github.com/go-kit/kit/log"
"github.com/go-kit/kit/log/level"
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"github.com/oklog/ulid"
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"github.com/pkg/errors"
"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
"github.com/prometheus/tsdb/chunkenc"
"github.com/prometheus/tsdb/chunks"
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"github.com/prometheus/tsdb/fileutil"
"github.com/prometheus/tsdb/index"
"github.com/prometheus/tsdb/labels"
)
// ExponentialBlockRanges returns the time ranges based on the stepSize.
func ExponentialBlockRanges(minSize int64, steps, stepSize int) []int64 {
ranges := make([]int64, 0, steps)
curRange := minSize
for i := 0; i < steps; i++ {
ranges = append(ranges, curRange)
curRange = curRange * int64(stepSize)
}
return ranges
}
// Compactor provides compaction against an underlying storage
// of time series data.
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type Compactor interface {
// Plan returns a set of non-overlapping directories that can
// be compacted concurrently.
// Results returned when compactions are in progress are undefined.
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Plan(dir string) ([]string, error)
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// Write persists a Block into a directory.
Write(dest string, b BlockReader, mint, maxt int64, parent *BlockMeta) (ulid.ULID, error)
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// Compact runs compaction against the provided directories. Must
// only be called concurrently with results of Plan().
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Compact(dest string, dirs ...string) (ulid.ULID, error)
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}
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// LeveledCompactor implements the Compactor interface.
type LeveledCompactor struct {
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dir string
metrics *compactorMetrics
logger log.Logger
ranges []int64
chunkPool chunkenc.Pool
}
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type compactorMetrics struct {
ran prometheus.Counter
failed prometheus.Counter
duration prometheus.Histogram
chunkSize prometheus.Histogram
chunkSamples prometheus.Histogram
chunkRange prometheus.Histogram
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}
func newCompactorMetrics(r prometheus.Registerer) *compactorMetrics {
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m := &compactorMetrics{}
m.ran = prometheus.NewCounter(prometheus.CounterOpts{
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Name: "prometheus_tsdb_compactions_total",
Help: "Total number of compactions that were executed for the partition.",
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})
m.failed = prometheus.NewCounter(prometheus.CounterOpts{
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Name: "prometheus_tsdb_compactions_failed_total",
Help: "Total number of compactions that failed for the partition.",
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})
m.duration = prometheus.NewHistogram(prometheus.HistogramOpts{
Name: "prometheus_tsdb_compaction_duration_seconds",
Help: "Duration of compaction runs",
Buckets: prometheus.ExponentialBuckets(1, 2, 10),
})
m.chunkSize = prometheus.NewHistogram(prometheus.HistogramOpts{
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Name: "prometheus_tsdb_compaction_chunk_size",
Help: "Final size of chunks on their first compaction",
Buckets: prometheus.ExponentialBuckets(32, 1.5, 12),
})
m.chunkSamples = prometheus.NewHistogram(prometheus.HistogramOpts{
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Name: "prometheus_tsdb_compaction_chunk_samples",
Help: "Final number of samples on their first compaction",
Buckets: prometheus.ExponentialBuckets(4, 1.5, 12),
})
m.chunkRange = prometheus.NewHistogram(prometheus.HistogramOpts{
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Name: "prometheus_tsdb_compaction_chunk_range",
Help: "Final time range of chunks on their first compaction",
Buckets: prometheus.ExponentialBuckets(100, 4, 10),
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})
if r != nil {
r.MustRegister(
m.ran,
m.failed,
m.duration,
m.chunkRange,
m.chunkSamples,
m.chunkSize,
)
}
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return m
}
// NewLeveledCompactor returns a LeveledCompactor.
func NewLeveledCompactor(r prometheus.Registerer, l log.Logger, ranges []int64, pool chunkenc.Pool) (*LeveledCompactor, error) {
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if len(ranges) == 0 {
return nil, errors.Errorf("at least one range must be provided")
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}
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if pool == nil {
pool = chunkenc.NewPool()
}
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return &LeveledCompactor{
ranges: ranges,
chunkPool: pool,
logger: l,
metrics: newCompactorMetrics(r),
}, nil
}
type dirMeta struct {
dir string
meta *BlockMeta
}
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// Plan returns a list of compactable blocks in the provided directory.
func (c *LeveledCompactor) Plan(dir string) ([]string, error) {
dirs, err := blockDirs(dir)
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if err != nil {
return nil, err
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}
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if len(dirs) < 1 {
return nil, nil
}
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var dms []dirMeta
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for _, dir := range dirs {
meta, err := readMetaFile(dir)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
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dms = append(dms, dirMeta{dir, meta})
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}
return c.plan(dms)
}
func (c *LeveledCompactor) plan(dms []dirMeta) ([]string, error) {
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sort.Slice(dms, func(i, j int) bool {
return dms[i].meta.MinTime < dms[j].meta.MinTime
})
// We do not include a recently created block with max(minTime), so the block which was just created from WAL.
// This gives users a window of a full block size to piece-wise backup new data without having to care about data overlap.
dms = dms[:len(dms)-1]
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var res []string
for _, dm := range c.selectDirs(dms) {
res = append(res, dm.dir)
}
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if len(res) > 0 {
return res, nil
}
// Compact any blocks that have >5% tombstones.
for i := len(dms) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
meta := dms[i].meta
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if meta.MaxTime-meta.MinTime < c.ranges[len(c.ranges)/2] {
break
}
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if float64(meta.Stats.NumTombstones)/float64(meta.Stats.NumSeries+1) > 0.05 {
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return []string{dms[i].dir}, nil
}
}
return nil, nil
}
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// selectDirs returns the dir metas that should be compacted into a single new block.
// If only a single block range is configured, the result is always nil.
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func (c *LeveledCompactor) selectDirs(ds []dirMeta) []dirMeta {
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if len(c.ranges) < 2 || len(ds) < 1 {
return nil
}
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highTime := ds[len(ds)-1].meta.MinTime
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for _, iv := range c.ranges[1:] {
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parts := splitByRange(ds, iv)
if len(parts) == 0 {
continue
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}
Outer:
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for _, p := range parts {
// Do not select the range if it has a block whose compaction failed.
for _, dm := range p {
if dm.meta.Compaction.Failed {
continue Outer
}
}
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mint := p[0].meta.MinTime
maxt := p[len(p)-1].meta.MaxTime
// Pick the range of blocks if it spans the full range (potentially with gaps)
// or is before the most recent block.
// This ensures we don't compact blocks prematurely when another one of the same
// size still fits in the range.
if (maxt-mint == iv || maxt <= highTime) && len(p) > 1 {
return p
}
}
}
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return nil
}
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// splitByRange splits the directories by the time range. The range sequence starts at 0.
//
// For example, if we have blocks [0-10, 10-20, 50-60, 90-100] and the split range tr is 30
// it returns [0-10, 10-20], [50-60], [90-100].
func splitByRange(ds []dirMeta, tr int64) [][]dirMeta {
var splitDirs [][]dirMeta
for i := 0; i < len(ds); {
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var (
group []dirMeta
t0 int64
m = ds[i].meta
)
// Compute start of aligned time range of size tr closest to the current block's start.
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if m.MinTime >= 0 {
t0 = tr * (m.MinTime / tr)
} else {
t0 = tr * ((m.MinTime - tr + 1) / tr)
}
// Skip blocks that don't fall into the range. This can happen via mis-alignment or
// by being the multiple of the intended range.
if ds[i].meta.MinTime < t0 || ds[i].meta.MaxTime > t0+tr {
i++
continue
}
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// Add all dirs to the current group that are within [t0, t0+tr].
for ; i < len(ds); i++ {
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// Either the block falls into the next range or doesn't fit at all (checked above).
if ds[i].meta.MinTime < t0 || ds[i].meta.MaxTime > t0+tr {
break
}
group = append(group, ds[i])
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}
if len(group) > 0 {
splitDirs = append(splitDirs, group)
}
}
return splitDirs
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}
func compactBlockMetas(uid ulid.ULID, blocks ...*BlockMeta) *BlockMeta {
res := &BlockMeta{
ULID: uid,
MinTime: blocks[0].MinTime,
MaxTime: blocks[len(blocks)-1].MaxTime,
}
sources := map[ulid.ULID]struct{}{}
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for _, b := range blocks {
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if b.Compaction.Level > res.Compaction.Level {
res.Compaction.Level = b.Compaction.Level
}
for _, s := range b.Compaction.Sources {
sources[s] = struct{}{}
}
res.Compaction.Parents = append(res.Compaction.Parents, BlockDesc{
ULID: b.ULID,
MinTime: b.MinTime,
MaxTime: b.MaxTime,
})
}
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res.Compaction.Level++
for s := range sources {
res.Compaction.Sources = append(res.Compaction.Sources, s)
}
sort.Slice(res.Compaction.Sources, func(i, j int) bool {
return res.Compaction.Sources[i].Compare(res.Compaction.Sources[j]) < 0
})
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return res
}
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// Compact creates a new block in the compactor's directory from the blocks in the
// provided directories.
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func (c *LeveledCompactor) Compact(dest string, dirs ...string) (uid ulid.ULID, err error) {
var (
blocks []BlockReader
bs []*Block
metas []*BlockMeta
uids []string
)
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for _, d := range dirs {
b, err := OpenBlock(d, c.chunkPool)
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if err != nil {
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return uid, err
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}
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defer b.Close()
meta, err := readMetaFile(d)
if err != nil {
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return uid, err
}
metas = append(metas, meta)
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blocks = append(blocks, b)
bs = append(bs, b)
uids = append(uids, meta.ULID.String())
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}
entropy := rand.New(rand.NewSource(time.Now().UnixNano()))
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uid = ulid.MustNew(ulid.Now(), entropy)
meta := compactBlockMetas(uid, metas...)
err = c.write(dest, meta, blocks...)
if err == nil {
level.Info(c.logger).Log(
"msg", "compact blocks",
"count", len(blocks),
"mint", meta.MinTime,
"maxt", meta.MaxTime,
"ulid", meta.ULID,
"sources", fmt.Sprintf("%v", uids),
)
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return uid, nil
}
var merr MultiError
merr.Add(err)
for _, b := range bs {
if err := b.setCompactionFailed(); err != nil {
merr.Add(errors.Wrapf(err, "setting compaction failed for block: %s", b.Dir()))
}
}
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return uid, merr
}
func (c *LeveledCompactor) Write(dest string, b BlockReader, mint, maxt int64, parent *BlockMeta) (ulid.ULID, error) {
entropy := rand.New(rand.NewSource(time.Now().UnixNano()))
uid := ulid.MustNew(ulid.Now(), entropy)
meta := &BlockMeta{
ULID: uid,
MinTime: mint,
MaxTime: maxt,
}
meta.Compaction.Level = 1
meta.Compaction.Sources = []ulid.ULID{uid}
if parent != nil {
meta.Compaction.Parents = []BlockDesc{
{ULID: parent.ULID, MinTime: parent.MinTime, MaxTime: parent.MaxTime},
}
}
err := c.write(dest, meta, b)
if err != nil {
return uid, err
}
level.Info(c.logger).Log("msg", "write block", "mint", meta.MinTime, "maxt", meta.MaxTime, "ulid", meta.ULID)
return uid, nil
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}
// instrumentedChunkWriter is used for level 1 compactions to record statistics
// about compacted chunks.
type instrumentedChunkWriter struct {
ChunkWriter
size prometheus.Histogram
samples prometheus.Histogram
trange prometheus.Histogram
}
func (w *instrumentedChunkWriter) WriteChunks(chunks ...chunks.Meta) error {
for _, c := range chunks {
w.size.Observe(float64(len(c.Chunk.Bytes())))
w.samples.Observe(float64(c.Chunk.NumSamples()))
w.trange.Observe(float64(c.MaxTime - c.MinTime))
}
return w.ChunkWriter.WriteChunks(chunks...)
}
// write creates a new block that is the union of the provided blocks into dir.
// It cleans up all files of the old blocks after completing successfully.
func (c *LeveledCompactor) write(dest string, meta *BlockMeta, blocks ...BlockReader) (err error) {
dir := filepath.Join(dest, meta.ULID.String())
tmp := dir + ".tmp"
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defer func(t time.Time) {
if err != nil {
c.metrics.failed.Inc()
// TODO(gouthamve): Handle error how?
if err := os.RemoveAll(tmp); err != nil {
level.Error(c.logger).Log("msg", "removed tmp folder after failed compaction", "err", err.Error())
}
}
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c.metrics.ran.Inc()
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c.metrics.duration.Observe(time.Since(t).Seconds())
}(time.Now())
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if err = os.RemoveAll(tmp); err != nil {
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return err
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}
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if err = os.MkdirAll(tmp, 0777); err != nil {
return err
}
// Populate chunk and index files into temporary directory with
// data of all blocks.
var chunkw ChunkWriter
chunkw, err = chunks.NewWriter(chunkDir(tmp))
if err != nil {
return errors.Wrap(err, "open chunk writer")
}
// Record written chunk sizes on level 1 compactions.
if meta.Compaction.Level == 1 {
chunkw = &instrumentedChunkWriter{
ChunkWriter: chunkw,
size: c.metrics.chunkSize,
samples: c.metrics.chunkSamples,
trange: c.metrics.chunkRange,
}
}
indexw, err := index.NewWriter(filepath.Join(tmp, indexFilename))
if err != nil {
return errors.Wrap(err, "open index writer")
}
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if err := c.populateBlock(blocks, meta, indexw, chunkw); err != nil {
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return errors.Wrap(err, "write compaction")
}
if err = writeMetaFile(tmp, meta); err != nil {
return errors.Wrap(err, "write merged meta")
}
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if err = chunkw.Close(); err != nil {
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return errors.Wrap(err, "close chunk writer")
}
if err = indexw.Close(); err != nil {
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return errors.Wrap(err, "close index writer")
}
// Create an empty tombstones file.
if err := writeTombstoneFile(tmp, NewMemTombstones()); err != nil {
return errors.Wrap(err, "write new tombstones file")
}
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df, err := fileutil.OpenDir(tmp)
if err != nil {
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return errors.Wrap(err, "open temporary block dir")
}
defer func() {
if df != nil {
df.Close()
}
}()
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if err := fileutil.Fsync(df); err != nil {
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return errors.Wrap(err, "sync temporary dir file")
}
// Close temp dir before rename block dir (for windows platform).
if err = df.Close(); err != nil {
return errors.Wrap(err, "close temporary dir")
}
df = nil
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// Block successfully written, make visible and remove old ones.
if err := renameFile(tmp, dir); err != nil {
return errors.Wrap(err, "rename block dir")
}
return nil
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}
// populateBlock fills the index and chunk writers with new data gathered as the union
// of the provided blocks. It returns meta information for the new block.
func (c *LeveledCompactor) populateBlock(blocks []BlockReader, meta *BlockMeta, indexw IndexWriter, chunkw ChunkWriter) error {
var (
set ChunkSeriesSet
allSymbols = make(map[string]struct{}, 1<<16)
closers = []io.Closer{}
)
defer func() { closeAll(closers...) }()
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for i, b := range blocks {
indexr, err := b.Index()
if err != nil {
return errors.Wrapf(err, "open index reader for block %s", b)
}
closers = append(closers, indexr)
chunkr, err := b.Chunks()
if err != nil {
return errors.Wrapf(err, "open chunk reader for block %s", b)
}
closers = append(closers, chunkr)
tombsr, err := b.Tombstones()
if err != nil {
return errors.Wrapf(err, "open tombstone reader for block %s", b)
}
closers = append(closers, tombsr)
symbols, err := indexr.Symbols()
if err != nil {
return errors.Wrap(err, "read symbols")
}
for s := range symbols {
allSymbols[s] = struct{}{}
}
all, err := indexr.Postings(index.AllPostingsKey())
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if err != nil {
return err
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}
all = indexr.SortedPostings(all)
s := newCompactionSeriesSet(indexr, chunkr, tombsr, all)
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if i == 0 {
set = s
continue
}
set, err = newCompactionMerger(set, s)
if err != nil {
return err
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}
}
// We fully rebuild the postings list index from merged series.
var (
postings = index.NewMemPostings()
values = map[string]stringset{}
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i = uint64(0)
)
if err := indexw.AddSymbols(allSymbols); err != nil {
return errors.Wrap(err, "add symbols")
}
for set.Next() {
lset, chks, dranges := set.At() // The chunks here are not fully deleted.
// Skip the series with all deleted chunks.
if len(chks) == 0 {
continue
}
if len(dranges) > 0 {
// Re-encode the chunk to not have deleted values.
for i, chk := range chks {
if !chk.OverlapsClosedInterval(dranges[0].Mint, dranges[len(dranges)-1].Maxt) {
continue
}
newChunk := chunkenc.NewXORChunk()
app, err := newChunk.Appender()
if err != nil {
return err
}
it := &deletedIterator{it: chk.Chunk.Iterator(), intervals: dranges}
for it.Next() {
ts, v := it.At()
app.Append(ts, v)
}
chks[i].Chunk = newChunk
}
}
if err := chunkw.WriteChunks(chks...); err != nil {
return errors.Wrap(err, "write chunks")
}
if err := indexw.AddSeries(i, lset, chks...); err != nil {
return errors.Wrap(err, "add series")
}
meta.Stats.NumChunks += uint64(len(chks))
meta.Stats.NumSeries++
for _, chk := range chks {
meta.Stats.NumSamples += uint64(chk.Chunk.NumSamples())
}
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for _, chk := range chks {
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c.chunkPool.Put(chk.Chunk)
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}
for _, l := range lset {
valset, ok := values[l.Name]
if !ok {
valset = stringset{}
values[l.Name] = valset
}
valset.set(l.Value)
}
postings.Add(i, lset)
i++
}
if set.Err() != nil {
return errors.Wrap(set.Err(), "iterate compaction set")
}
s := make([]string, 0, 256)
for n, v := range values {
s = s[:0]
for x := range v {
s = append(s, x)
}
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if err := indexw.WriteLabelIndex([]string{n}, s); err != nil {
return errors.Wrap(err, "write label index")
}
}
for _, l := range postings.SortedKeys() {
if err := indexw.WritePostings(l.Name, l.Value, postings.Get(l.Name, l.Value)); err != nil {
return errors.Wrap(err, "write postings")
}
}
return nil
}
type compactionSeriesSet struct {
p index.Postings
index IndexReader
chunks ChunkReader
tombstones TombstoneReader
l labels.Labels
c []chunks.Meta
intervals Intervals
err error
}
func newCompactionSeriesSet(i IndexReader, c ChunkReader, t TombstoneReader, p index.Postings) *compactionSeriesSet {
return &compactionSeriesSet{
index: i,
chunks: c,
tombstones: t,
p: p,
}
}
func (c *compactionSeriesSet) Next() bool {
if !c.p.Next() {
return false
}
var err error
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c.intervals, err = c.tombstones.Get(c.p.At())
if err != nil {
c.err = errors.Wrap(err, "get tombstones")
return false
}
if err = c.index.Series(c.p.At(), &c.l, &c.c); err != nil {
c.err = errors.Wrapf(err, "get series %d", c.p.At())
return false
}
// Remove completely deleted chunks.
if len(c.intervals) > 0 {
chks := make([]chunks.Meta, 0, len(c.c))
for _, chk := range c.c {
if !(Interval{chk.MinTime, chk.MaxTime}.isSubrange(c.intervals)) {
chks = append(chks, chk)
}
}
c.c = chks
}
for i := range c.c {
chk := &c.c[i]
chk.Chunk, err = c.chunks.Chunk(chk.Ref)
if err != nil {
c.err = errors.Wrapf(err, "chunk %d not found", chk.Ref)
return false
}
}
return true
}
func (c *compactionSeriesSet) Err() error {
if c.err != nil {
return c.err
}
return c.p.Err()
}
func (c *compactionSeriesSet) At() (labels.Labels, []chunks.Meta, Intervals) {
return c.l, c.c, c.intervals
}
type compactionMerger struct {
a, b ChunkSeriesSet
aok, bok bool
l labels.Labels
c []chunks.Meta
intervals Intervals
}
func newCompactionMerger(a, b ChunkSeriesSet) (*compactionMerger, error) {
c := &compactionMerger{
a: a,
b: b,
}
// Initialize first elements of both sets as Next() needs
// one element look-ahead.
c.aok = c.a.Next()
c.bok = c.b.Next()
return c, c.Err()
}
func (c *compactionMerger) compare() int {
if !c.aok {
return 1
}
if !c.bok {
return -1
}
a, _, _ := c.a.At()
b, _, _ := c.b.At()
return labels.Compare(a, b)
}
func (c *compactionMerger) Next() bool {
if !c.aok && !c.bok || c.Err() != nil {
return false
}
// While advancing child iterators the memory used for labels and chunks
// may be reused. When picking a series we have to store the result.
var lset labels.Labels
var chks []chunks.Meta
d := c.compare()
// Both sets contain the current series. Chain them into a single one.
if d > 0 {
lset, chks, c.intervals = c.b.At()
c.l = append(c.l[:0], lset...)
c.c = append(c.c[:0], chks...)
c.bok = c.b.Next()
} else if d < 0 {
lset, chks, c.intervals = c.a.At()
c.l = append(c.l[:0], lset...)
c.c = append(c.c[:0], chks...)
c.aok = c.a.Next()
} else {
l, ca, ra := c.a.At()
_, cb, rb := c.b.At()
for _, r := range rb {
ra = ra.add(r)
}
c.l = append(c.l[:0], l...)
c.c = append(append(c.c[:0], ca...), cb...)
c.intervals = ra
c.aok = c.a.Next()
c.bok = c.b.Next()
}
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return true
}
func (c *compactionMerger) Err() error {
if c.a.Err() != nil {
return c.a.Err()
}
return c.b.Err()
}
func (c *compactionMerger) At() (labels.Labels, []chunks.Meta, Intervals) {
return c.l, c.c, c.intervals
}
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func renameFile(from, to string) error {
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if err := os.RemoveAll(to); err != nil {
return err
}
if err := os.Rename(from, to); err != nil {
return err
}
// Directory was renamed; sync parent dir to persist rename.
pdir, err := fileutil.OpenDir(filepath.Dir(to))
if err != nil {
return err
}
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if err = fileutil.Fsync(pdir); err != nil {
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pdir.Close()
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return err
}
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return pdir.Close()
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}