prometheus/tsdb/chunkenc/xor.go

// Copyright 2017 The Prometheus Authors
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

// The code in this file was largely written by Damian Gryski as part of
// https://github.com/dgryski/go-tsz and published under the license below.
// It was modified to accommodate reading from byte slices without modifying
// the underlying bytes, which would panic when reading from mmap'd
// read-only byte slices.

// Copyright (c) 2015,2016 Damian Gryski <damian@gryski.com>
// All rights reserved.

// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:

// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
// this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
//
// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
// this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
// and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
// ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
// WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
// DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
// FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
// DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
// SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
// CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
// OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

package chunkenc

import (
	"encoding/binary"
	"math"
	"math/bits"

	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/histogram"
)

const (
	chunkCompactCapacityThreshold = 32
)

// XORChunk holds XOR encoded sample data.
type XORChunk struct {
	b bstream
}

// NewXORChunk returns a new chunk with XOR encoding of the given size.
func NewXORChunk() *XORChunk {
	b := make([]byte, 2, 128)
	return &XORChunk{b: bstream{stream: b, count: 0}}
}

// Encoding returns the encoding type.
func (c *XORChunk) Encoding() Encoding {
	return EncXOR
}

// Bytes returns the underlying byte slice of the chunk.
func (c *XORChunk) Bytes() []byte {
	return c.b.bytes()
}

// NumSamples returns the number of samples in the chunk.
func (c *XORChunk) NumSamples() int {
	return int(binary.BigEndian.Uint16(c.Bytes()))
}

// Compact implements the Chunk interface.
func (c *XORChunk) Compact() {
	if l := len(c.b.stream); cap(c.b.stream) > l+chunkCompactCapacityThreshold {
		buf := make([]byte, l)
		copy(buf, c.b.stream)
		c.b.stream = buf
	}
}

// Appender implements the Chunk interface.
// It is not valid to call Appender() multiple times concurrently or to use multiple
// Appenders on the same chunk.
func (c *XORChunk) Appender() (Appender, error) {
	it := c.iterator(nil)

	// To get an appender we must know the state it would have if we had
	// appended all existing data from scratch.
	// We iterate through the end and populate via the iterator's state.
	for it.Next() != ValNone {
	}
	if err := it.Err(); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	a := &xorAppender{
		b:        &c.b,
		t:        it.t,
		v:        it.val,
		tDelta:   it.tDelta,
		leading:  it.leading,
		trailing: it.trailing,
	}
	if it.numTotal == 0 {
		a.leading = 0xff
	}
	return a, nil
}

func (c *XORChunk) iterator(it Iterator) *xorIterator {
	if xorIter, ok := it.(*xorIterator); ok {
		xorIter.Reset(c.b.bytes())
		return xorIter
	}
	return &xorIterator{
		// The first 2 bytes contain chunk headers.
		// We skip that for actual samples.
		br:       newBReader(c.b.bytes()[2:]),
		numTotal: binary.BigEndian.Uint16(c.b.bytes()),
		t:        math.MinInt64,
	}
}

// Iterator implements the Chunk interface.
// Iterator() must not be called concurrently with any modifications to the chunk,
// but after it returns you can use an Iterator concurrently with an Appender or
// other Iterators.
func (c *XORChunk) Iterator(it Iterator) Iterator {
	return c.iterator(it)
}

type xorAppender struct {
	b *bstream

	t      int64
	v      float64
	tDelta uint64

	leading  uint8
	trailing uint8
}

func (a *xorAppender) AppendHistogram(t int64, h *histogram.Histogram) {
	panic("appended a histogram to an xor chunk")
}

func (a *xorAppender) AppendFloatHistogram(t int64, h *histogram.FloatHistogram) {
	panic("appended a float histogram to an xor chunk")
}

func (a *xorAppender) Append(t int64, v float64) {
	var tDelta uint64
	num := binary.BigEndian.Uint16(a.b.bytes())

	if num == 0 {
		buf := make([]byte, binary.MaxVarintLen64)
		for _, b := range buf[:binary.PutVarint(buf, t)] {
			a.b.writeByte(b)
		}
		a.b.writeBits(math.Float64bits(v), 64)

	} else if num == 1 {
		tDelta = uint64(t - a.t)

		buf := make([]byte, binary.MaxVarintLen64)
		for _, b := range buf[:binary.PutUvarint(buf, tDelta)] {
			a.b.writeByte(b)
		}

		a.writeVDelta(v)

	} else {
		tDelta = uint64(t - a.t)
		dod := int64(tDelta - a.tDelta)

		// Gorilla has a max resolution of seconds, Prometheus milliseconds.
		// Thus we use higher value range steps with larger bit size.
		//
		// TODO(beorn7): This seems to needlessly jump to large bit
		// sizes even for very small deviations from zero. Timestamp
		// compression can probably benefit from some smaller bit
		// buckets. See also what was done for histogram encoding in
		// varbit.go.
		switch {
		case dod == 0:
			a.b.writeBit(zero)
		case bitRange(dod, 14):
			a.b.writeBits(0b10, 2)
			a.b.writeBits(uint64(dod), 14)
		case bitRange(dod, 17):
			a.b.writeBits(0b110, 3)
			a.b.writeBits(uint64(dod), 17)
		case bitRange(dod, 20):
			a.b.writeBits(0b1110, 4)
			a.b.writeBits(uint64(dod), 20)
		default:
			a.b.writeBits(0b1111, 4)
			a.b.writeBits(uint64(dod), 64)
		}

		a.writeVDelta(v)
	}

	a.t = t
	a.v = v
	binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(a.b.bytes(), num+1)
	a.tDelta = tDelta
}

// bitRange returns whether the given integer can be represented by nbits.
// See docs/bstream.md.
func bitRange(x int64, nbits uint8) bool {
	return -((1<<(nbits-1))-1) <= x && x <= 1<<(nbits-1)
}

func (a *xorAppender) writeVDelta(v float64) {
	xorWrite(a.b, v, a.v, &a.leading, &a.trailing)
}

type xorIterator struct {
	br       bstreamReader
	numTotal uint16
	numRead  uint16

	t   int64
	val float64

	leading  uint8
	trailing uint8

	tDelta uint64
	err    error
}

func (it *xorIterator) Seek(t int64) ValueType {
	if it.err != nil {
		return ValNone
	}

	for t > it.t || it.numRead == 0 {
		if it.Next() == ValNone {
			return ValNone
		}
	}
	return ValFloat
}

func (it *xorIterator) At() (int64, float64) {
	return it.t, it.val
}

func (it *xorIterator) AtHistogram() (int64, *histogram.Histogram) {
	panic("cannot call xorIterator.AtHistogram")
}

func (it *xorIterator) AtFloatHistogram() (int64, *histogram.FloatHistogram) {
	panic("cannot call xorIterator.AtFloatHistogram")
}

func (it *xorIterator) AtT() int64 {
	return it.t
}

func (it *xorIterator) Err() error {
	return it.err
}

func (it *xorIterator) Reset(b []byte) {
	// The first 2 bytes contain chunk headers.
	// We skip that for actual samples.
	it.br = newBReader(b[2:])
	it.numTotal = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(b)

	it.numRead = 0
	it.t = 0
	it.val = 0
	it.leading = 0
	it.trailing = 0
	it.tDelta = 0
	it.err = nil
}

func (it *xorIterator) Next() ValueType {
	if it.err != nil || it.numRead == it.numTotal {
		return ValNone
	}

	if it.numRead == 0 {
		t, err := binary.ReadVarint(&it.br)
		if err != nil {
			it.err = err
			return ValNone
		}
		v, err := it.br.readBits(64)
		if err != nil {
			it.err = err
			return ValNone
		}
		it.t = t
		it.val = math.Float64frombits(v)

		it.numRead++
		return ValFloat
	}
	if it.numRead == 1 {
		tDelta, err := binary.ReadUvarint(&it.br)
		if err != nil {
			it.err = err
			return ValNone
		}
		it.tDelta = tDelta
		it.t = it.t + int64(it.tDelta)

		return it.readValue()
	}

	var d byte
	// read delta-of-delta
	for i := 0; i < 4; i++ {
		d <<= 1
		bit, err := it.br.readBitFast()
		if err != nil {
			bit, err = it.br.readBit()
		}
		if err != nil {
			it.err = err
			return ValNone
		}
		if bit == zero {
			break
		}
		d |= 1
	}
	var sz uint8
	var dod int64
	switch d {
	case 0b0:
		// dod == 0
	case 0b10:
		sz = 14
	case 0b110:
		sz = 17
	case 0b1110:
		sz = 20
	case 0b1111:
		// Do not use fast because it's very unlikely it will succeed.
		bits, err := it.br.readBits(64)
		if err != nil {
			it.err = err
			return ValNone
		}

		dod = int64(bits)
	}

	if sz != 0 {
		bits, err := it.br.readBitsFast(sz)
		if err != nil {
			bits, err = it.br.readBits(sz)
		}
		if err != nil {
			it.err = err
			return ValNone
		}

		// Account for negative numbers, which come back as high unsigned numbers.
		// See docs/bstream.md.
		if bits > (1 << (sz - 1)) {
			bits -= 1 << sz
		}
		dod = int64(bits)
	}

	it.tDelta = uint64(int64(it.tDelta) + dod)
	it.t = it.t + int64(it.tDelta)

	return it.readValue()
}

func (it *xorIterator) readValue() ValueType {
	err := xorRead(&it.br, &it.val, &it.leading, &it.trailing)
	if err != nil {
		it.err = err
		return ValNone
	}
	it.numRead++
	return ValFloat
}

func xorWrite(b *bstream, newValue, currentValue float64, leading, trailing *uint8) {
	delta := math.Float64bits(newValue) ^ math.Float64bits(currentValue)

	if delta == 0 {
		b.writeBit(zero)
		return
	}
	b.writeBit(one)

	newLeading := uint8(bits.LeadingZeros64(delta))
	newTrailing := uint8(bits.TrailingZeros64(delta))

	// Clamp number of leading zeros to avoid overflow when encoding.
	if newLeading >= 32 {
		newLeading = 31
	}

	if *leading != 0xff && newLeading >= *leading && newTrailing >= *trailing {
		// In this case, we stick with the current leading/trailing.
		b.writeBit(zero)
		b.writeBits(delta>>*trailing, 64-int(*leading)-int(*trailing))
		return
	}

	// Update leading/trailing for the caller.
	*leading, *trailing = newLeading, newTrailing

	b.writeBit(one)
	b.writeBits(uint64(newLeading), 5)

	// Note that if newLeading == newTrailing == 0, then sigbits == 64. But
	// that value doesn't actually fit into the 6 bits we have.  Luckily, we
	// never need to encode 0 significant bits, since that would put us in
	// the other case (vdelta == 0).  So instead we write out a 0 and adjust
	// it back to 64 on unpacking.
	sigbits := 64 - newLeading - newTrailing
	b.writeBits(uint64(sigbits), 6)
	b.writeBits(delta>>newTrailing, int(sigbits))
}

func xorRead(br *bstreamReader, value *float64, leading, trailing *uint8) error {
	bit, err := br.readBitFast()
	if err != nil {
		bit, err = br.readBit()
	}
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if bit == zero {
		return nil
	}
	bit, err = br.readBitFast()
	if err != nil {
		bit, err = br.readBit()
	}
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	var (
		bits                           uint64
		newLeading, newTrailing, mbits uint8
	)

	if bit == zero {
		// Reuse leading/trailing zero bits.
		newLeading, newTrailing = *leading, *trailing
		mbits = 64 - newLeading - newTrailing
	} else {
		bits, err = br.readBitsFast(5)
		if err != nil {
			bits, err = br.readBits(5)
		}
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		newLeading = uint8(bits)

		bits, err = br.readBitsFast(6)
		if err != nil {
			bits, err = br.readBits(6)
		}
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		mbits = uint8(bits)
		// 0 significant bits here means we overflowed and we actually
		// need 64; see comment in xrWrite.
		if mbits == 0 {
			mbits = 64
		}
		newTrailing = 64 - newLeading - mbits
		// Update leading/trailing zero bits for the caller.
		*leading, *trailing = newLeading, newTrailing
	}
	bits, err = br.readBitsFast(mbits)
	if err != nil {
		bits, err = br.readBits(mbits)
	}
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	vbits := math.Float64bits(*value)
	vbits ^= bits << newTrailing
	*value = math.Float64frombits(vbits)
	return nil
}