musl/INSTALL

Quick Installation Guide for musl libc
======================================

There are many different ways to install musl depending on your usage
case. This document covers only the build and installation of musl by
itself, which is useful for upgrading an existing musl-based system or
compiler toolchain, or for using the provided musl-gcc wrapper with an
existing non-musl-based compiler.

Building complete native or cross-compiler toolchains is outside the
scope of this INSTALL file. More information can be found on the musl
website and community wiki.


Build Prerequisites
-------------------

The only build-time prerequisites for musl are GNU Make and a
freestanding C99 compiler toolchain targeting the desired instruction
set architecture and ABI, with support for a minimal subset of "GNU C"
extensions consisting mainly of gcc-style inline assembly, weak
aliases, hidden visibility, and stand-alone assembly source files.

GCC, LLVM/clang, Firm/cparser, and PCC have all successfully built
musl, but GCC is the most widely used/tested. Recent compiler (and
binutils) versions should be used if possible since some older
versions have bugs which affect musl.

The system used to build musl does not need to be Linux-based, nor do
the Linux kernel headers need to be available.



Supported Targets
-----------------

musl can be built for the following CPU instruction set architecture
and ABI combinations:

* i386
    * Minimum CPU model is actually 80486 unless kernel emulation of
      the `cmpxchg` instruction is added

* x86_64
    * ILP32 ABI (x32) is available as a separate arch but is still
      experimental

* ARM
    * EABI, standard or hard-float VFP variant
    * Little-endian default; big-endian variants also supported
    * Compiler toolchains only support armv4t and later

* AArch64
    * Little-endian default; big-endian variants also supported

* MIPS
    * ABI is o32, fp32/fpxx (except on r6 which is fp64)
    * Big-endian default; little-endian variants also supported
    * Default ABI variant uses FPU registers; alternate soft-float ABI
      that does not use FPU registers or instructions is available
    * MIPS2 or later, or kernel emulation of ll/sc (standard in Linux)
      is required
    * MIPS32r6, an incompatible ISA, is supported as a variant "mipsr6"

* MIPS64
    * ABI is n64 (LP64) or n32 (ILP32)
    * Big-endian default; little-endian variants also supported
    * Default ABI variant uses FPU registers; alternate soft-float ABI
      that does not use FPU registers or instructions is available

* PowerPC
    * Compiler toolchain must provide 64-bit long double, not IBM
      double-double or IEEE quad
    * For dynamic linking, compiler toolchain must be configured for
      "secure PLT" variant

* PowerPC64
    * Both little and big endian variants are supported
    * Compiler toolchain must provide 64-bit long double, not IBM
      double-double or IEEE quad
    * Compiler toolchain must use the new (ELFv2) ABI regardless of
      whether it is for little or big endian

* S390X (64-bit S390)

* SuperH (SH)
    * Standard ELF ABI or FDPIC ABI (shared-text without MMU)
    * Little-endian by default; big-endian variant also supported
    * Full FPU ABI or soft-float ABI is supported, but the
      single-precision-only FPU ABI is not

* Microblaze
    * Big-endian default; little-endian variants also supported
    * Soft-float
    * Requires support for lwx/swx instructions

* OpenRISC 1000 (or1k)

* RISC-V
    * 32-bit and 64-bit
    * Little endian
    * Hard, soft, and hard-single/soft-double floating point ABIs
    * Standard ELF; no shared-text NOMMU support

* LoongArch
    * 64-bit ISA
    * Hard, soft, and hard-single/soft-double floating point ABIs



Build and Installation Procedure
--------------------------------

To build and install musl:

1. Run the provided configure script from the top-level source
   directory, passing on its command line any desired options.

2. Run "make" to compile.

3. Run "make install" with appropriate privileges to write to the
   target locations.

The configure script attempts to determine automatically the correct
target architecture based on the compiler being used. For some
compilers, this may not be possible. If detection fails or selects the
wrong architecture, you can provide an explicit selection on the
configure command line.

By default, configure installs to a prefix of "/usr/local/musl". This
differs from the behavior of most configure scripts, and is chosen
specifically to avoid clashing with libraries already present on the
system. DO NOT set the prefix to "/usr", "/usr/local", or "/" unless
you're upgrading libc on an existing musl-based system. Doing so will
break your existing system when you run "make install" and it may be
difficult to recover.



Notes on Dynamic Linking
------------------------

If dynamic linking is enabled, one file needs to be installed outside
of the installation prefix: /lib/ld-musl-$ARCH.so.1. This is the
dynamic linker. Its pathname is hard-coded into all dynamic-linked
programs, so for the sake of being able to share binaries between
systems, a consistent location should be used everywhere. Note that
the same applies to glibc and its dynamic linker, which is named
/lib/ld-linux.so.2 on i386 systems.

If for some reason it is impossible to install the dynamic linker in
its standard location (for example, if you are installing without root
privileges), the --syslibdir option to configure can be used to
provide a different location

At runtime, the dynamic linker needs to know the paths to search for
shared libraries. You should create a text file named
/etc/ld-musl-$ARCH.path (where $ARCH matches the architecture name
used in the dynamic linker) containing a list of directories where you
want the dynamic linker to search for shared libraries, separated by
colons or newlines. If the dynamic linker has been installed in a
non-default location, the path file also needs to reside at that
location (../etc relative to the chosen syslibdir).

If you do not intend to use dynamic linking, you may disable it by
passing --disable-shared to configure; this also cuts the build time
in half.



Checking for Successful Installation
------------------------------------

After installing, you should be able to use musl via the musl-gcc
wrapper. For example:

cat > hello.c <<EOF
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
	printf("hello, world!\n");
	return 0;
}
EOF
/usr/local/musl/bin/musl-gcc hello.c
./a.out

To configure autoconf-based program to compile and link against musl,
set the CC variable to musl-gcc when running configure, as in:

CC=musl-gcc ./configure ...

You will probably also want to use --prefix when building libraries to
ensure that they are installed under the musl prefix and not in the
main host system library directories.