rather than returning an error, we have to increase the size argument
so high that the kernel will have no choice but to fail. this is
because POSIX only permits the EINVAL error for size errors when a new
shared memory segment would be created; if it already exists, the size
argument must be ignored. unfortunately Linux is non-conforming in
this regard, but I want to keep the code correct in userspace anyway
so that if/when Linux is fixed, the behavior applications see will be
conforming.
rejecting invalid values for n is fine even in the case where a new
sem will not be created, since the kernel does its range checks on n
even in this case as well.
by default, the kernel will bound the limit well below USHRT_MAX
anyway, but it's presumably possible that an administrator could
override this limit and break things.
this type is not really intended to be used; it's just there to allow
implementations to choose the type for the shm_nattch member of
struct shmid_sh, presumably since historical implementations disagreed
on the type. in any case, it needs to be there, so now it is.
in the process, I refactored the week-number code so it can be used by
the week-based-year formats to determine year adjustments at the
boundary values. this also improves indention/code readability.
output for plain week numbers (%U and %W) has been sanity-checked, and
output for the week-based-year week numbers (%V) has been checked
extensively against known-good data for the full non-negative range of
32-bit time_t.
year numbers for week-based years (%g and %G) are not yet implemented.
the pathnames prefixed with /dev/null/ are guaranteed never to be
valid. the previous use of /dev/null alone was mildly dangerous in
that bad software might attempt to unlink the name when it found a
non-regular file there and create a new file.
internally, other parts of the library assume sizes don't overflow
ssize_t and/or ptrdiff_t, and the way this assumption is made valid is
by preventing creating of such large objects. malloc already does so,
but the check was missing from mmap.
this is also a quality of implementation issue: even if the
implementation internally could handle such objects, applications
could inadvertently invoke undefined behavior by subtracting pointers
within an object. it is very difficult to guard against this in
applications, so a good implementation should simply ensure that it
does not happen.
previously, the path string was being used despite being invalid. with
this change, empty path file or error reading the path file is treated
as an empty path. this is preferable to falling back to a default
path, so that attacks to prevent reading of the path file could not
result in loading incorrect and possibly dangerous (outdated or
mismatching ABI) libraries from.
the code to strip the final newline has also been removed; now that
newline is accepted as a delimiter, it's harmless to leave it in
place.
despite declaring functions that take arguments of type va_list, these
headers are not permitted by the c standard to expose the definition
of va_list, so an alias for the type must be used. the name
__isoc_va_list was chosen to convey that the purpose of this alternate
name is for iso c conformance, and to avoid the multitude of names
which gcc mangles with its hideous "fixincludes" monstrosity, leading
to serious header breakage if these "fixes" are run.
apparently the original commit was never tested properly, since
getline was only ever reading one line. the intent was to read the
entire file, so use getdelim with the null byte as delimiter as a
cheap way to read a whole file into memory.
also move all legacy inet_* functions into a single file to avoid
wasting object file and compile time overhead on them.
the added functions are legacy interfaces for working with classful
ipv4 network addresses. they have no modern usefulness whatsoever, but
some programs unconditionally use them anyway, and they're tiny.
based on patch by Strake with minor stylistic changes, and combined
into a single file. this patch remained open for a long time due to
some question as to whether ether_aton would be better implemented in
terms of sscanf, and it's time something was committed, so here it is.
the shgetc api, used internally in scanf and int/float scanning code
to handle field width limiting and pushback, was designed assuming
that pushback could be achieved via a simple decrement on the file
buffer pointer. this only worked by chance for regular FILE streams,
due to the linux readv bug workaround in __stdio_read which moves the
last requested byte through the buffer rather than directly back to
the caller. for unbuffered streams and streams not using __stdio_read
but some other underlying read function, the first character read
could be completely lost, and replaced by whatever junk happened to be
in the unget buffer.
to fix this, simply have shgetc, when it performs an underlying read
operation on the stream, store the character read at the -1 offset
from the read buffer pointer. this is valid even for unbuffered
streams, as they have an unget buffer located just below the start of
the zero-length buffer. the check to avoid storing the character when
it is already there is to handle the possibility of read-only buffers.
no application-exposed FILE types are allowed to use read-only
buffers, but sscanf and strto* may use them internally when calling
functions which use the shgetc api.
issue found and patch provided by Jens Gustedt. after the atomic store
to the error code field of the aiocb, the application is permitted to
free or reuse the storage, so further access is invalid. instead, use
the local copy that was already made.
due to the interface requirement of having the full state contained in
a single object of type unsigned int, it is difficult to provide a
reasonable-quality implementation; most good PRNGs are immediately
ruled out because they need larger state. the old rand_r gave very
poor output (very short period) in its lower bits; normally, it's
desirable to throw away the low bits (as in rand()) when using a LCG,
but this is not possible since the state is only 32 bits and we need
31 bits of output.
glibc's rand_r uses the same LCG as musl's, but runs it for 3
iterations and only takes 10-11 bits from each iteration to construct
the output value. this partially fixes the period issue, but
introduces bias: not all outputs have the same frequency, and many do
not appear at all. with such a low period, the bias is likely to be
observable.
I tried many approaches to "fix" rand_r, and the simplest I found
which made it pass the "dieharder" tests was applying this
transformation to the output. the "temper" function is taken from
mersenne twister, where it seems to have been chosen for some rigorous
properties; here, the only formal property I'm using is that it's
one-to-one and thus avoids introducing bias.
should further deficiencies in rand_r be reported, the obvious "best"
solution is applying a 32-bit cryptographic block cipher in CTR mode.
I identified several possible ciphers that could be used directly or
adapted, but as they would be a lot slower and larger, I do not see a
justification for using them unless the current rand_r proves
deficient for some real-world use.
arguably CLOCK_MONOTONIC should be redirected to CLOCK_BOOTTIME with a
fallback for old kernels that don't support it, since Linux's
CLOCK_BOOTTIME semantics seem to match the spirit of the POSIX
requirements for CLOCK_MONOTONIC better than Linux's version of
CLOCK_MONOTONIC does. however, this is a change that would require
further discussion and research, so for now, I'm simply making them
all available.
originally it was right on 32-bit archs and wrong on 64-bit, but after
recent changes it was wrong everywhere. with this commit, it's now
right everywhere.
apparently these features have been in Linux for a while now, so it
makes sense to support them. the bit twiddling seems utterly illogical
and wasteful, especially the negation, but that's how the kernel folks
chose to encode pids/tids into the clock id.
some applications rely on the low bits of rand() to be reasonably good
quality prng, so now it fixed by using the top bits of a 64 bit LCG,
this is simple, has small state and passes statistical tests.
D.E. Knuth attributes the multiplier to C.E. Haynes in TAOCP Vol2 3.3.4
the concept here is that %s and %c are essentially special-cases of
%[, with some minimal additional special-casing.
aside from simplifying the code and reducing the number of complex
code-paths that would need changing to make optimizations later, the
main purpose of this change is to simplify addition of the 'm'
modifier which causes scanf to allocate storage for the string being
read.
failure to do so was causing crashes on x86_64 when ctors used SSE,
which was first observed when ctors called variadic functions due to
the SSE prologue code inserted into every variadic function.
previously we were using an unsigned type on 32-bit systems so that
subtraction would be well-defined when it wrapped, but since wrapping
is non-conforming anyway (when clock() overflows, it has to return -1)
the only use of unsigned would be to buy a little bit more time before
overflow. this does not seem worth having the type vary per-arch
(which leads to more arch-specific bugs) or disagree with the ABI musl
(mostly) follows.
per Austin Group interpretation for issue #686, which cites the
requirements of ISO C, clock() cannot wrap. if the result is not
representable, it must return (clock_t)-1. in addition, the old code
was performing wrapping via signed overflow and thus invoking
undefined behavior.
since it seems impossible to accurately check for overflow with the
old times()-based fallback code, I have simply dropped the fallback
code for now, thus always returning -1 on ancient systems. if there's
a demand for making it work and somebody comes up with a way, it could
be reinstated, but the clock() function is essentially useless on
32-bit system anyway (it overflows in less than an hour).
it should be noted that I used LONG_MAX rather than ULONG_MAX, despite
32-bit archs using an unsigned type for clock_t. this discrepency with
the glibc/LSB type definitions will be fixed now; since wrapping of
clock_t is no longer supported, there's no use in it being unsigned.
The underflow exception is not raised correctly in some
cornercases (see previous fma commit), added comments
with examples for fmaf, fmal and non-x86 fma.
In fmaf store the result before returning so it has the
correct precision when FLT_EVAL_METHOD!=0
1) in downward rounding fma(1,1,-1) should be -0 but it was 0 with
gcc, the code was correct but gcc does not support FENV_ACCESS ON
so it used common subexpression elimination where it shouldn't have.
now volatile memory access is used as a barrier after fesetround.
2) in directed rounding modes there is no double rounding issue
so the complicated adjustments done for nearest rounding mode are
not needed. the only exception to this rule is raising the underflow
flag: assume "small" is an exactly representible subnormal value in
double precision and "verysmall" is a much smaller value so that
(long double)(small plus verysmall) == small
then
(double)(small plus verysmall)
raises underflow because the result is an inexact subnormal, but
(double)(long double)(small plus verysmall)
does not because small is not a subnormal in long double precision
and it is exact in double precision.
now this problem is fixed by checking inexact using fenv when the
result is subnormal
Rich Felker
Szabolcs Nagy