mirror of https://github.com/schoebel/mars
doc: section on reliability CentralStorage vs LocalSharding
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Thomas Schoebel-Theuer
Thomas Schoebel-Theuer
parent
4bdcba5ca5
commit
a5b038c3b6
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@ -1224,6 +1224,656 @@ reference "sec:Distributed-vs-Local:"
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.
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.
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\end_layout
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Subsection
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Reliability Differences CentralStorage vs Sharding
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\begin_inset CommandInset label
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LatexCommand label
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name "subsec:Reliability-Differences-CentralStorage"
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\end_inset
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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In this section, we look at
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\emph on
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fatal
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\emph default
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failures only, ignoring temporary failures.
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A fatal failure of a storage is an incident which needs to be corrected
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by
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\series bold
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restore from backup
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\series default
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.
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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By definition, even a
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\emph on
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highly redundant
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\emph default
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CentralStorage is
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\emph on
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nevertheless
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\emph default
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a SPOF = Single Point of Failure.
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This also applies to fatal failures.
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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Some people are incorrectly arguing with redundancy.
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However, the problem is that
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\emph on
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any
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\emph default
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system, even a highly redundant one, can fail fatally.
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There exists no perfect system on earth.
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One of the biggest known sources of fatal failure is
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\series bold
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human error
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\series default
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.
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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In contrast, sharded storage (for example the LocalSharding model, see also
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section
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\begin_inset CommandInset ref
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LatexCommand ref
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reference "subsec:Variants-of-Sharding"
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\end_inset
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) has MPOF = Multiple Points Of Failure.
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It is unlikely that many shards are failing fatally at the same time, because
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shards are
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\emph on
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independent
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\emph default
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\begin_inset Foot
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status open
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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When all shards are residing in the same datacenter, there exists a SPOF
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by power loss or other impacts onto the whole datacenter.
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However, this applies to both the CentralStorage and to the LocalSharding
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model.
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In contrast to CentralStorage, LocalSharding can be more easily distributed
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over multiple datacenters.
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
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from each other by definition.
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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What is the difference from the viewpoint of customers of the services?
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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When a CentralStorage fails fatally, a
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\emph on
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huge
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\emph default
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number of customers will be affected for a
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\emph on
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long
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\emph default
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time (see the example German webhoster mentioned in section
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\begin_inset CommandInset ref
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LatexCommand ref
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reference "subsec:Latencies-and-Throughput"
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\end_inset
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).
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Reason: restore from backup will take extremely long because huge masses
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of data have to be restored.
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MTBF = Mean Time Between Failures is (hopefully) longer thanks to redundancy,
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but MTTR = Mean Time To Repair is also very long.
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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With (Local)Sharding, the risk of
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\emph on
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some
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\emph default
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fatal incident
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\emph on
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somewhere
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\emph default
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in the sharding pool is higher, but the
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\series bold
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\emph on
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size
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\series default
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\emph default
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of such an incident is smaller in three dimensions at the same time:
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Enumerate
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There are much
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\series bold
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less customers affected
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\series default
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(typically only
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\begin_inset Formula $1$
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\end_inset
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shard out of
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\begin_inset Formula $n$
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\end_inset
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shards).
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Enumerate
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\series bold
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MTTR
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\series default
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= Mean Time To Repair is typically much better because there is much less
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data to be restored.
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Enumerate
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\series bold
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Residual risk
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\series default
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plus resulting fatal damage by
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\series bold
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un-repairable problems
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\series default
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is thus lower.
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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What does this mean from the viewpoint of an investor of a big
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\begin_inset Quotes eld
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\end_inset
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global player
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\begin_inset Quotes erd
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\end_inset
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company?
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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As is promised by the vendors, let us assume that failure of CentralStorage
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might be occurring less frequently.
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But
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\emph on
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when
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\emph default
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it happens on
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\series bold
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enterprise-critical mass data
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\series default
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, the stock exchange value of the affected company will be exposed to a
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\series bold
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hazard
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\series default
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.
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This is not bearable from the viewpoint of an investor.
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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In contrast, the (Local)Sharding model is
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\emph on
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distributing
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\emph default
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the
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\series bold
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indispensible incidents
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\series default
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(because
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\series bold
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perfect systems do not exist
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\series default
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, and
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\series bold
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perfect humans do not exist
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\series default
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) to a lower number of customers with higher frequency, such that the
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\series bold
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total impact onto the business
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\series default
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becomes bearable.
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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Risk analysis of enterprise-critical use cases is summarized in the following
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table:
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\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
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\noindent
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\align center
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\begin_inset Tabular
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<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="3">
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<features tabularvalignment="middle">
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<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
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<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
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<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
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<row>
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_inset Text
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
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</cell>
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_inset Text
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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CentralStorage
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
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</cell>
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_inset Text
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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(Local)Sharding
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
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</cell>
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</row>
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<row>
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_inset Text
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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Probability of
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\emph on
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some
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\emph default
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fatal incident
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
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</cell>
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_inset Text
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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lower
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
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</cell>
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_inset Text
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
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</cell>
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</row>
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<row>
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_inset Text
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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# Customers affected
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
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</cell>
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_inset Text
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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very high
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
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\begin_inset Text
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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very low
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\begin_inset Text
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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MTBF per storage
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\end_layout
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\end_inset
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</cell>
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\begin_inset Text
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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\begin_inset Text
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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lower
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\begin_inset Text
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MTTR per storage
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Unrepairable residual risk
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\end_inset
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\begin_inset Text
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</cell>
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\begin_inset Text
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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Total impact
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\end_inset
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\begin_inset Text
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\end_inset
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\begin_inset Text
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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lower
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\end_inset
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</cell>
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</row>
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||||||
|
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
|
||||||
|
\begin_inset Text
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
Investor's risk
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_inset
|
||||||
|
</cell>
|
||||||
|
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
|
||||||
|
\begin_inset Text
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\series bold
|
||||||
|
unbearable
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_inset
|
||||||
|
</cell>
|
||||||
|
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
|
||||||
|
\begin_inset Text
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
stock exchange compatible
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_inset
|
||||||
|
</cell>
|
||||||
|
</row>
|
||||||
|
</lyxtabular>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_inset
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
||||||
|
\noindent
|
||||||
|
Summary: CentralStorage is something for
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||||||
|
\noindent
|
||||||
|
small to medium-sized companies which don't have the
|
||||||
|
\series bold
|
||||||
|
manpower
|
||||||
|
\series default
|
||||||
|
and the
|
||||||
|
\series bold
|
||||||
|
skills
|
||||||
|
\series default
|
||||||
|
for professionally building and operating a (Local)Sharding (or similar)
|
||||||
|
system for their enterprise-critical mass data their business is relying
|
||||||
|
upon.
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\series bold
|
||||||
|
\emph on
|
||||||
|
monolithic
|
||||||
|
\emph default
|
||||||
|
enterprise applications
|
||||||
|
\series default
|
||||||
|
like classical SAP which are anyway bound to a specific vendor, where you
|
||||||
|
cannot select a different solution (so-called
|
||||||
|
\series bold
|
||||||
|
Vendor Lock-In
|
||||||
|
\series default
|
||||||
|
).
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Itemize
|
||||||
|
when your application
|
||||||
|
\series bold
|
||||||
|
is neither shardable
|
||||||
|
\series default
|
||||||
|
by construction (c.f.
|
||||||
|
section
|
||||||
|
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
|
||||||
|
LatexCommand ref
|
||||||
|
reference "sec:Distributed-vs-Local:"
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_inset
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
), or when doing so would be a too high effort,
|
||||||
|
\series bold
|
||||||
|
nor going to BigCluster
|
||||||
|
\begin_inset Foot
|
||||||
|
status open
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
||||||
|
Theoretically, BigCluster can be used to create 1 single huge remote LV
|
||||||
|
(or 1 single huge remote FS instance) out of a pool of storage machines.
|
||||||
|
Double-check, better triple-check that such a
|
||||||
|
\series bold
|
||||||
|
big
|
||||||
|
\emph on
|
||||||
|
logical
|
||||||
|
\emph default
|
||||||
|
SPOF
|
||||||
|
\series default
|
||||||
|
is
|
||||||
|
\emph on
|
||||||
|
really
|
||||||
|
\emph default
|
||||||
|
needed, and cannot be circumvented by any means.
|
||||||
|
Only in such a case, the current version of MARS cannot help (yet), because
|
||||||
|
its
|
||||||
|
\emph on
|
||||||
|
current
|
||||||
|
\emph default
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\emph on
|
||||||
|
focus
|
||||||
|
\emph default
|
||||||
|
is on a big number of machines each having relatively small LVs.
|
||||||
|
At 1&1 ShaHoLin, the biggest LVs are 40TiB at the moment, running for years
|
||||||
|
now, and bigger ones are certainly possible.
|
||||||
|
Only when current local RAID technology with external enclosures cannot
|
||||||
|
easily create a single LV in the petabyte scale, BigCluster is probably
|
||||||
|
the better solution (c.f.
|
||||||
|
section
|
||||||
|
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
|
||||||
|
LatexCommand vref
|
||||||
|
reference "sec:Reliability-Arguments-from"
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_inset
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
).
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_inset
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\series default
|
||||||
|
(e.g.
|
||||||
|
Ceph / Swift / etc, see secion
|
||||||
|
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
|
||||||
|
LatexCommand vref
|
||||||
|
reference "sec:Reliability-Arguments-from"
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_inset
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
) is an option.
|
||||||
|
\begin_inset Newline newline
|
||||||
|
\end_inset
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_inset Graphics
|
||||||
|
filename images/MatieresCorrosives.png
|
||||||
|
lyxscale 50
|
||||||
|
scale 17
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\end_inset
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
If you have an
|
||||||
|
\emph on
|
||||||
|
already sharded
|
||||||
|
\emph default
|
||||||
|
system, e.g.
|
||||||
|
in webhosting, don't convert it to a non-shardable one, and don't introduce
|
||||||
|
SPOFs needlessly.
|
||||||
|
You will introduce
|
||||||
|
\series bold
|
||||||
|
technical debts
|
||||||
|
\series default
|
||||||
|
which are likely to hurt back somewhen in future!
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin_layout Standard
|
||||||
|
As a real big
|
||||||
|
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||||||
|
\end_inset
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
global player
|
||||||
|
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||||||
|
\end_inset
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
, or as a company being part of such a structure, you should be careful
|
||||||
|
when listening to
|
||||||
|
\begin_inset Quotes eld
|
||||||
|
\end_inset
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
marketing drones
|
||||||
|
\begin_inset Quotes erd
|
||||||
|
\end_inset
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
of proprietary CentralStorage vendors.
|
||||||
|
Always check your
|
||||||
|
\emph on
|
||||||
|
concrete
|
||||||
|
\emph default
|
||||||
|
use case.
|
||||||
|
Never believe in wrongly generalized claims, which are only valid in some
|
||||||
|
specific context, but do not really apply to your use case.
|
||||||
|
It could be about your
|
||||||
|
\emph on
|
||||||
|
life
|
||||||
|
\emph default
|
||||||
|
.
|
||||||
|
\end_layout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin_layout Subsection
|
\begin_layout Subsection
|
||||||
Proprietary vs OpenSource
|
Proprietary vs OpenSource
|
||||||
\begin_inset CommandInset label
|
\begin_inset CommandInset label
|
||||||
|
|
|
||||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue