/*
 * include/common/standard.h
 * This files contains some general purpose functions and macros.
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2000-2010 Willy Tarreau - w@1wt.eu
 *
 * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
 * License as published by the Free Software Foundation, version 2.1
 * exclusively.
 *
 * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
 * Lesser General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
 * License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
 */

#ifndef _COMMON_STANDARD_H
#define _COMMON_STANDARD_H

#include <limits.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/un.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <common/chunk.h>
#include <common/config.h>
#include <common/namespace.h>
#include <eb32tree.h>
#include <eb32sctree.h>
#include <types/protocol.h>

/* size used for max length of decimal representation of long long int. */
#define NB_LLMAX_STR (sizeof("-9223372036854775807")-1)

/* number of itoa_str entries */
#define NB_ITOA_STR	16

/* maximum quoted string length (truncated above) */
#define QSTR_SIZE 200
#define NB_QSTR 10

/****** string-specific macros and functions ******/
/* if a > max, then bound <a> to <max>. The macro returns the new <a> */
#define UBOUND(a, max)	({ typeof(a) b = (max); if ((a) > b) (a) = b; (a); })

/* if a < min, then bound <a> to <min>. The macro returns the new <a> */
#define LBOUND(a, min)	({ typeof(a) b = (min); if ((a) < b) (a) = b; (a); })

/* returns 1 only if only zero or one bit is set in X, which means that X is a
 * power of 2, and 0 otherwise */
#define POWEROF2(x) (((x) & ((x)-1)) == 0)

/* DEFNULL() returns either the argument as-is, or NULL if absent. This is for
 * use in macros arguments.
 */
#define DEFNULL(...) _FIRST_ARG(NULL, ##__VA_ARGS__, NULL)
#define _FIRST_ARG(a, b, ...) b

/* operators to compare values. They're ordered that way so that the lowest bit
 * serves as a negation for the test and contains all tests that are not equal.
 */
enum {
	STD_OP_LE = 0, STD_OP_GT = 1,
	STD_OP_EQ = 2, STD_OP_NE = 3,
	STD_OP_GE = 4, STD_OP_LT = 5,
};

enum http_scheme {
	SCH_HTTP,
	SCH_HTTPS,
};

struct split_url {
	enum http_scheme scheme;
	const char *host;
	int host_len;
};

/* generic structure associating a name and a value, for use in arrays */
struct name_desc {
	const char *name;
	const char *desc;
};

extern THREAD_LOCAL int itoa_idx; /* index of next itoa_str to use */

/*
 * copies at most <size-1> chars from <src> to <dst>. Last char is always
 * set to 0, unless <size> is 0. The number of chars copied is returned
 * (excluding the terminating zero).
 * This code has been optimized for size and speed : on x86, it's 45 bytes
 * long, uses only registers, and consumes only 4 cycles per char.
 */
extern int strlcpy2(char *dst, const char *src, int size);

/*
 * This function simply returns a locally allocated string containing
 * the ascii representation for number 'n' in decimal.
 */
extern THREAD_LOCAL char itoa_str[][171];
extern char *ultoa_r(unsigned long n, char *buffer, int size);
extern char *lltoa_r(long long int n, char *buffer, int size);
extern char *sltoa_r(long n, char *buffer, int size);
extern const char *ulltoh_r(unsigned long long n, char *buffer, int size);
static inline const char *ultoa(unsigned long n)
{
	return ultoa_r(n, itoa_str[0], sizeof(itoa_str[0]));
}

/*
 * unsigned long long ASCII representation
 *
 * return the last char '\0' or NULL if no enough
 * space in dst
 */
char *ulltoa(unsigned long long n, char *dst, size_t size);


/*
 * unsigned long ASCII representation
 *
 * return the last char '\0' or NULL if no enough
 * space in dst
 */
char *ultoa_o(unsigned long n, char *dst, size_t size);

/*
 * signed long ASCII representation
 *
 * return the last char '\0' or NULL if no enough
 * space in dst
 */
char *ltoa_o(long int n, char *dst, size_t size);

/*
 * signed long long ASCII representation
 *
 * return the last char '\0' or NULL if no enough
 * space in dst
 */
char *lltoa(long long n, char *dst, size_t size);

/*
 * write a ascii representation of a unsigned into dst,
 * return a pointer to the last character
 * Pad the ascii representation with '0', using size.
 */
char *utoa_pad(unsigned int n, char *dst, size_t size);

/*
 * This function simply returns a locally allocated string containing the ascii
 * representation for number 'n' in decimal, unless n is 0 in which case it
 * returns the alternate string (or an empty string if the alternate string is
 * NULL). It use is intended for limits reported in reports, where it's
 * desirable not to display anything if there is no limit. Warning! it shares
 * the same vector as ultoa_r().
 */
extern const char *limit_r(unsigned long n, char *buffer, int size, const char *alt);

/* returns a locally allocated string containing the ASCII representation of
 * the number 'n' in decimal. Up to NB_ITOA_STR calls may be used in the same
 * function call (eg: printf), shared with the other similar functions making
 * use of itoa_str[].
 */
static inline const char *U2A(unsigned long n)
{
	const char *ret = ultoa_r(n, itoa_str[itoa_idx], sizeof(itoa_str[0]));
	if (++itoa_idx >= NB_ITOA_STR)
		itoa_idx = 0;
	return ret;
}

/* returns a locally allocated string containing the HTML representation of
 * the number 'n' in decimal. Up to NB_ITOA_STR calls may be used in the same
 * function call (eg: printf), shared with the other similar functions making
 * use of itoa_str[].
 */
static inline const char *U2H(unsigned long long n)
{
	const char *ret = ulltoh_r(n, itoa_str[itoa_idx], sizeof(itoa_str[0]));
	if (++itoa_idx >= NB_ITOA_STR)
		itoa_idx = 0;
	return ret;
}

/* returns a locally allocated string containing the ASCII representation of
 * the number 'n' in decimal. Up to NB_ITOA_STR calls may be used in the same
 * function call (eg: printf), shared with the other similar functions making
 * use of itoa_str[].
 */
static inline const char *LIM2A(unsigned long n, const char *alt)
{
	const char *ret = limit_r(n, itoa_str[itoa_idx], sizeof(itoa_str[0]), alt);
	if (++itoa_idx >= NB_ITOA_STR)
		itoa_idx = 0;
	return ret;
}

/* returns the number of bytes needed to encode <v> as a varint. Be careful, use
 * it only with constants as it generates a large code (typ. 180 bytes). Use the
 * varint_bytes() version instead in case of doubt.
 */
int varint_bytes(uint64_t v);
static inline int __varint_bytes(uint64_t v)
{
	switch (v) {
	case 0x0000000000000000 ... 0x00000000000000ef: return 1;
	case 0x00000000000000f0 ... 0x00000000000008ef: return 2;
	case 0x00000000000008f0 ... 0x00000000000408ef: return 3;
	case 0x00000000000408f0 ... 0x00000000020408ef: return 4;
	case 0x00000000020408f0 ... 0x00000001020408ef: return 5;
	case 0x00000001020408f0 ... 0x00000081020408ef: return 6;
	case 0x00000081020408f0 ... 0x00004081020408ef: return 7;
	case 0x00004081020408f0 ... 0x00204081020408ef: return 8;
	case 0x00204081020408f0 ... 0x10204081020408ef: return 9;
	default: return 10;
	}
}

/* Encode the integer <i> into a varint (variable-length integer). The encoded
 * value is copied in <*buf>. Here is the encoding format:
 *
 *        0 <= X < 240        : 1 byte  (7.875 bits)  [ XXXX XXXX ]
 *      240 <= X < 2288       : 2 bytes (11 bits)     [ 1111 XXXX ] [ 0XXX XXXX ]
 *     2288 <= X < 264432     : 3 bytes (18 bits)     [ 1111 XXXX ] [ 1XXX XXXX ]   [ 0XXX XXXX ]
 *   264432 <= X < 33818864   : 4 bytes (25 bits)     [ 1111 XXXX ] [ 1XXX XXXX ]*2 [ 0XXX XXXX ]
 * 33818864 <= X < 4328786160 : 5 bytes (32 bits)     [ 1111 XXXX ] [ 1XXX XXXX ]*3 [ 0XXX XXXX ]
 * ...
 *
 * On success, it returns the number of written bytes and <*buf> is moved after
 * the encoded value. Otherwise, it returns -1. */
static inline int
encode_varint(uint64_t i, char **buf, char *end)
{
	unsigned char *p = (unsigned char *)*buf;
	int r;

	if (p >= (unsigned char *)end)
		return -1;

	if (i < 240) {
		*p++ = i;
		*buf = (char *)p;
		return 1;
	}

	*p++ = (unsigned char)i | 240;
	i = (i - 240) >> 4;
	while (i >= 128) {
		if (p >= (unsigned char *)end)
			return -1;
		*p++ = (unsigned char)i | 128;
		i = (i - 128) >> 7;
	}

	if (p >= (unsigned char *)end)
		return -1;
	*p++ = (unsigned char)i;

	r    = ((char *)p - *buf);
	*buf = (char *)p;
	return r;
}

/* Decode a varint from <*buf> and save the decoded value in <*i>. See
 * 'spoe_encode_varint' for details about varint.
 * On success, it returns the number of read bytes and <*buf> is moved after the
 * varint. Otherwise, it returns -1. */
static inline int
decode_varint(char **buf, char *end, uint64_t *i)
{
	unsigned char *p = (unsigned char *)*buf;
	int r;

	if (p >= (unsigned char *)end)
		return -1;

	*i = *p++;
	if (*i < 240) {
		*buf = (char *)p;
		return 1;
	}

	r = 4;
	do {
		if (p >= (unsigned char *)end)
			return -1;
		*i += (uint64_t)*p << r;
		r  += 7;
	} while (*p++ >= 128);

	r    = ((char *)p - *buf);
	*buf = (char *)p;
	return r;
}

/* returns a locally allocated string containing the quoted encoding of the
 * input string. The output may be truncated to QSTR_SIZE chars, but it is
 * guaranteed that the string will always be properly terminated. Quotes are
 * encoded by doubling them as is commonly done in CSV files. QSTR_SIZE must
 * always be at least 4 chars.
 */
const char *qstr(const char *str);

/* returns <str> or its quote-encoded equivalent if it contains at least one
 * quote or a comma. This is aimed at build CSV-compatible strings.
 */
static inline const char *cstr(const char *str)
{
	const char *p = str;

	while (*p) {
		if (*p == ',' || *p == '"')
			return qstr(str);
		p++;
	}
	return str;
}

/*
 * Returns non-zero if character <s> is a hex digit (0-9, a-f, A-F), else zero.
 */
extern int ishex(char s);

/*
 * Return integer equivalent of character <c> for a hex digit (0-9, a-f, A-F),
 * otherwise -1. This compact form helps gcc produce efficient code.
 */
static inline int hex2i(int c)
{
	if ((unsigned char)(c -= '0') > 9) {
		if ((unsigned char)(c -= 'A' - '0') > 5 &&
			      (unsigned char)(c -= 'a' - 'A') > 5)
			c = -11;
		c += 10;
	}
	return c;
}

/* rounds <i> down to the closest value having max 2 digits */
unsigned int round_2dig(unsigned int i);

/*
 * Checks <name> for invalid characters. Valid chars are [A-Za-z0-9_:.-]. If an
 * invalid character is found, a pointer to it is returned. If everything is
 * fine, NULL is returned.
 */
extern const char *invalid_char(const char *name);

/*
 * Checks <name> for invalid characters. Valid chars are [A-Za-z0-9_.-].
 * If an invalid character is found, a pointer to it is returned.
 * If everything is fine, NULL is returned.
 */
extern const char *invalid_domainchar(const char *name);

/*
 * Checks <name> for invalid characters. Valid chars are [A-Za-z_.-].
 * If an invalid character is found, a pointer to it is returned.
 * If everything is fine, NULL is returned.
 */
extern const char *invalid_prefix_char(const char *name);

/*
 * converts <str> to a locally allocated struct sockaddr_storage *, and a
 * port range consisting in two integers. The low and high end are always set
 * even if the port is unspecified, in which case (0,0) is returned. The low
 * port is set in the sockaddr. Thus, it is enough to check the size of the
 * returned range to know if an array must be allocated or not. The format is
 * "addr[:[port[-port]]]", where "addr" can be a dotted IPv4 address, an IPv6
 * address, a host name, or empty or "*" to indicate INADDR_ANY. If an IPv6
 * address wants to ignore port, it must be terminated by a trailing colon (':').
 * The IPv6 '::' address is IN6ADDR_ANY, so in order to bind to a given port on
 * IPv6, use ":::port". NULL is returned if the host part cannot be resolved.
 * If <pfx> is non-null, it is used as a string prefix before any path-based
 * address (typically the path to a unix socket). If use_dns is not true,
 * the function cannot accept the DNS resolution.
 */
struct sockaddr_storage *str2sa_range(const char *str,
                                      int *port, int *low, int *high,
                                      char **err, const char *pfx,
                                      char **fqdn, int resolve);

/* converts <str> to a struct in_addr containing a network mask. It can be
 * passed in dotted form (255.255.255.0) or in CIDR form (24). It returns 1
 * if the conversion succeeds otherwise zero.
 */
int str2mask(const char *str, struct in_addr *mask);

/* converts <str> to a struct in6_addr containing a network mask. It can be
 * passed in quadruplet form (ffff:ffff::) or in CIDR form (64). It returns 1
 * if the conversion succeeds otherwise zero.
 */
int str2mask6(const char *str, struct in6_addr *mask);

/* convert <cidr> to struct in_addr <mask>. It returns 1 if the conversion
 * succeeds otherwise non-zero.
 */
int cidr2dotted(int cidr, struct in_addr *mask);

/*
 * converts <str> to two struct in_addr* which must be pre-allocated.
 * The format is "addr[/mask]", where "addr" cannot be empty, and mask
 * is optionnal and either in the dotted or CIDR notation.
 * Note: "addr" can also be a hostname. Returns 1 if OK, 0 if error.
 */
int str2net(const char *str, int resolve, struct in_addr *addr, struct in_addr *mask);

/* str2ip and str2ip2:
 *
 * converts <str> to a struct sockaddr_storage* provided by the caller. The
 * caller must have zeroed <sa> first, and may have set sa->ss_family to force
 * parse a specific address format. If the ss_family is 0 or AF_UNSPEC, then
 * the function tries to guess the address family from the syntax. If the
 * family is forced and the format doesn't match, an error is returned. The
 * string is assumed to contain only an address, no port. The address can be a
 * dotted IPv4 address, an IPv6 address, a host name, or empty or "*" to
 * indicate INADDR_ANY. NULL is returned if the host part cannot be resolved.
 * The return address will only have the address family and the address set,
 * all other fields remain zero. The string is not supposed to be modified.
 * The IPv6 '::' address is IN6ADDR_ANY.
 *
 * str2ip2:
 *
 * If <resolve> is set, this function try to resolve DNS, otherwise, it returns
 * NULL result.
 */
struct sockaddr_storage *str2ip2(const char *str, struct sockaddr_storage *sa, int resolve);
static inline struct sockaddr_storage *str2ip(const char *str, struct sockaddr_storage *sa)
{
	return str2ip2(str, sa, 1);
}

/*
 * converts <str> to two struct in6_addr* which must be pre-allocated.
 * The format is "addr[/mask]", where "addr" cannot be empty, and mask
 * is an optionnal number of bits (128 being the default).
 * Returns 1 if OK, 0 if error.
 */
int str62net(const char *str, struct in6_addr *addr, unsigned char *mask);

/*
 * Parse IP address found in url.
 */
int url2ipv4(const char *addr, struct in_addr *dst);

/*
 * Resolve destination server from URL. Convert <str> to a sockaddr_storage*.
 */
int url2sa(const char *url, int ulen, struct sockaddr_storage *addr, struct split_url *out);

/* Tries to convert a sockaddr_storage address to text form. Upon success, the
 * address family is returned so that it's easy for the caller to adapt to the
 * output format. Zero is returned if the address family is not supported. -1
 * is returned upon error, with errno set. AF_INET, AF_INET6 and AF_UNIX are
 * supported.
 */
int addr_to_str(const struct sockaddr_storage *addr, char *str, int size);

/* Tries to convert a sockaddr_storage port to text form. Upon success, the
 * address family is returned so that it's easy for the caller to adapt to the
 * output format. Zero is returned if the address family is not supported. -1
 * is returned upon error, with errno set. AF_INET, AF_INET6 and AF_UNIX are
 * supported.
 */
int port_to_str(const struct sockaddr_storage *addr, char *str, int size);

/* check if the given address is local to the system or not. It will return
 * -1 when it's not possible to know, 0 when the address is not local, 1 when
 * it is. We don't want to iterate over all interfaces for this (and it is not
 * portable). So instead we try to bind in UDP to this address on a free non
 * privileged port and to connect to the same address, port 0 (connect doesn't
 * care). If it succeeds, we own the address. Note that non-inet addresses are
 * considered local since they're most likely AF_UNIX.
 */
int addr_is_local(const struct netns_entry *ns,
                  const struct sockaddr_storage *orig);

/* will try to encode the string <string> replacing all characters tagged in
 * <map> with the hexadecimal representation of their ASCII-code (2 digits)
 * prefixed by <escape>, and will store the result between <start> (included)
 * and <stop> (excluded), and will always terminate the string with a '\0'
 * before <stop>. The position of the '\0' is returned if the conversion
 * completes. If bytes are missing between <start> and <stop>, then the
 * conversion will be incomplete and truncated. If <stop> <= <start>, the '\0'
 * cannot even be stored so we return <start> without writing the 0.
 * The input string must also be zero-terminated.
 */
extern const char hextab[];
char *encode_string(char *start, char *stop,
		    const char escape, const long *map,
		    const char *string);

/*
 * Same behavior, except that it encodes chunk <chunk> instead of a string.
 */
char *encode_chunk(char *start, char *stop,
                   const char escape, const long *map,
                   const struct buffer *chunk);

/*
 * Tries to prefix characters tagged in the <map> with the <escape>
 * character. The input <string> must be zero-terminated. The result will
 * be stored between <start> (included) and <stop> (excluded). This
 * function will always try to terminate the resulting string with a '\0'
 * before <stop>, and will return its position if the conversion
 * completes.
 */
char *escape_string(char *start, char *stop,
		    const char escape, const long *map,
		    const char *string);

/*
 * Tries to prefix characters tagged in the <map> with the <escape>
 * character. <chunk> contains the input to be escaped. The result will be
 * stored between <start> (included) and <stop> (excluded). The function
 * will always try to terminate the resulting string with a '\0' before
 * <stop>, and will return its position if the conversion completes.
 */
char *escape_chunk(char *start, char *stop,
                   const char escape, const long *map,
                   const struct buffer *chunk);


/* Check a string for using it in a CSV output format. If the string contains
 * one of the following four char <">, <,>, CR or LF, the string is
 * encapsulated between <"> and the <"> are escaped by a <""> sequence.
 * <str> is the input string to be escaped. The function assumes that
 * the input string is null-terminated.
 *
 * If <quote> is 0, the result is returned escaped but without double quote.
 * It is useful if the escaped string is used between double quotes in the
 * format.
 *
 *    printf("..., \"%s\", ...\r\n", csv_enc(str, 0, &trash));
 *
 * If <quote> is 1, the converter puts the quotes only if any character is
 * escaped. If <quote> is 2, the converter always puts the quotes.
 *
 * <output> is a struct chunk used for storing the output string.
 *
 * The function returns the converted string on its output. If an error
 * occurs, the function returns an empty string. This type of output is useful
 * for using the function directly as printf() argument.
 *
 * If the output buffer is too short to contain the input string, the result
 * is truncated.
 *
 * This function appends the encoding to the existing output chunk. Please
 * use csv_enc() instead if you want to replace the output chunk.
 */
const char *csv_enc_append(const char *str, int quote, struct buffer *output);

/* same as above but the output chunk is reset first */
static inline const char *csv_enc(const char *str, int quote,
				  struct buffer *output)
{
	chunk_reset(output);
	return csv_enc_append(str, quote, output);
}

/* Decode an URL-encoded string in-place. The resulting string might
 * be shorter. If some forbidden characters are found, the conversion is
 * aborted, the string is truncated before the issue and non-zero is returned,
 * otherwise the operation returns non-zero indicating success.
 */
int url_decode(char *string);

/* This one is 6 times faster than strtoul() on athlon, but does
 * no check at all.
 */
static inline unsigned int __str2ui(const char *s)
{
	unsigned int i = 0;
	while (*s) {
		i = i * 10 - '0';
		i += (unsigned char)*s++;
	}
	return i;
}

/* This one is 5 times faster than strtoul() on athlon with checks.
 * It returns the value of the number composed of all valid digits read.
 */
static inline unsigned int __str2uic(const char *s)
{
	unsigned int i = 0;
	unsigned int j;
	while (1) {
		j = (*s++) - '0';
		if (j > 9)
			break;
		i *= 10;
		i += j;
	}
	return i;
}

/* This one is 28 times faster than strtoul() on athlon, but does
 * no check at all!
 */
static inline unsigned int __strl2ui(const char *s, int len)
{
	unsigned int i = 0;
	while (len-- > 0) {
		i = i * 10 - '0';
		i += (unsigned char)*s++;
	}
	return i;
}

/* This one is 7 times faster than strtoul() on athlon with checks.
 * It returns the value of the number composed of all valid digits read.
 */
static inline unsigned int __strl2uic(const char *s, int len)
{
	unsigned int i = 0;
	unsigned int j, k;

	while (len-- > 0) {
		j = (*s++) - '0';
		k = i * 10;
		if (j > 9)
			break;
		i = k + j;
	}
	return i;
}

/* This function reads an unsigned integer from the string pointed to by <s>
 * and returns it. The <s> pointer is adjusted to point to the first unread
 * char. The function automatically stops at <end>.
 */
static inline unsigned int __read_uint(const char **s, const char *end)
{
	const char *ptr = *s;
	unsigned int i = 0;
	unsigned int j, k;

	while (ptr < end) {
		j = *ptr - '0';
		k = i * 10;
		if (j > 9)
			break;
		i = k + j;
		ptr++;
	}
	*s = ptr;
	return i;
}

unsigned long long int read_uint64(const char **s, const char *end);
long long int read_int64(const char **s, const char *end);

extern unsigned int str2ui(const char *s);
extern unsigned int str2uic(const char *s);
extern unsigned int strl2ui(const char *s, int len);
extern unsigned int strl2uic(const char *s, int len);
extern int strl2ic(const char *s, int len);
extern int strl2irc(const char *s, int len, int *ret);
extern int strl2llrc(const char *s, int len, long long *ret);
extern int strl2llrc_dotted(const char *text, int len, long long *ret);
extern unsigned int read_uint(const char **s, const char *end);
unsigned int inetaddr_host(const char *text);
unsigned int inetaddr_host_lim(const char *text, const char *stop);
unsigned int inetaddr_host_lim_ret(char *text, char *stop, char **ret);

static inline char *cut_crlf(char *s) {

	while (*s != '\r' && *s != '\n') {
		char *p = s++;

		if (!*p)
			return p;
	}

	*s++ = '\0';

	return s;
}

static inline char *ltrim(char *s, char c) {

	if (c)
		while (*s == c)
			s++;

	return s;
}

static inline char *rtrim(char *s, char c) {

	char *p = s + strlen(s);

	while (p-- > s)
		if (*p == c)
			*p = '\0';
		else
			break;

	return s;
}

static inline char *alltrim(char *s, char c) {

	rtrim(s, c);

	return ltrim(s, c);
}

/* This function converts the time_t value <now> into a broken out struct tm
 * which must be allocated by the caller. It is highly recommended to use this
 * function intead of localtime() because that one requires a time_t* which
 * is not always compatible with tv_sec depending on OS/hardware combinations.
 */
static inline void get_localtime(const time_t now, struct tm *tm)
{
	localtime_r(&now, tm);
}

/* This function converts the time_t value <now> into a broken out struct tm
 * which must be allocated by the caller. It is highly recommended to use this
 * function intead of gmtime() because that one requires a time_t* which
 * is not always compatible with tv_sec depending on OS/hardware combinations.
 */
static inline void get_gmtime(const time_t now, struct tm *tm)
{
	gmtime_r(&now, tm);
}

/* Counts a number of elapsed days since 01/01/0000 based solely on elapsed
 * years and assuming the regular rule for leap years applies. It's fake but
 * serves as a temporary origin. It's worth remembering that it's the first
 * year of each period that is leap and not the last one, so for instance year
 * 1 sees 366 days since year 0 was leap. For this reason we have to apply
 * modular arithmetics which is why we offset the year by 399 before
 * subtracting the excess at the end. No overflow here before ~11.7 million
 * years.
 */
static inline unsigned int days_since_zero(unsigned int y)
{
	return y * 365 + (y + 399) / 4 - (y + 399) / 100 + (y + 399) / 400
	       - 399 / 4 + 399 / 100;
}

/* Returns the number of seconds since 01/01/1970 0:0:0 GMT for GMT date <tm>.
 * It is meant as a portable replacement for timegm() for use with valid inputs.
 * Returns undefined results for invalid dates (eg: months out of range 0..11).
 */
extern time_t my_timegm(const struct tm *tm);

/* This function parses a time value optionally followed by a unit suffix among
 * "d", "h", "m", "s", "ms" or "us". It converts the value into the unit
 * expected by the caller. The computation does its best to avoid overflows.
 * The value is returned in <ret> if everything is fine, and a NULL is returned
 * by the function. In case of error, a pointer to the error is returned and
 * <ret> is left untouched.
 */
extern const char *parse_time_err(const char *text, unsigned *ret, unsigned unit_flags);
extern const char *parse_size_err(const char *text, unsigned *ret);

/* special return values for the time parser */
#define PARSE_TIME_UNDER ((char *)1)
#define PARSE_TIME_OVER  ((char *)2)

/* unit flags to pass to parse_time_err */
#define TIME_UNIT_US   0x0000
#define TIME_UNIT_MS   0x0001
#define TIME_UNIT_S    0x0002
#define TIME_UNIT_MIN  0x0003
#define TIME_UNIT_HOUR 0x0004
#define TIME_UNIT_DAY  0x0005
#define TIME_UNIT_MASK 0x0007

#define SEC 1
#define MINUTE (60 * SEC)
#define HOUR (60 * MINUTE)
#define DAY (24 * HOUR)

/* Multiply the two 32-bit operands and shift the 64-bit result right 32 bits.
 * This is used to compute fixed ratios by setting one of the operands to
 * (2^32*ratio).
 */
static inline unsigned int mul32hi(unsigned int a, unsigned int b)
{
	return ((unsigned long long)a * b) >> 32;
}

/* gcc does not know when it can safely divide 64 bits by 32 bits. Use this
 * function when you know for sure that the result fits in 32 bits, because
 * it is optimal on x86 and on 64bit processors.
 */
static inline unsigned int div64_32(unsigned long long o1, unsigned int o2)
{
	unsigned int result;
#ifdef __i386__
	asm("divl %2"
	    : "=a" (result)
	    : "A"(o1), "rm"(o2));
#else
	result = o1 / o2;
#endif
	return result;
}

/* Simple popcountl implementation. It returns the number of ones in a word.
 * Described here : https://graphics.stanford.edu/~seander/bithacks.html
 */
static inline unsigned int my_popcountl(unsigned long a)
{
	a = a - ((a >> 1) & ~0UL/3);
	a = (a & ~0UL/15*3) + ((a >> 2) & ~0UL/15*3);
	a = (a + (a >> 4)) & ~0UL/255*15;
	return (unsigned long)(a * (~0UL/255)) >> (sizeof(unsigned long) - 1) * 8;
}

/* returns non-zero if <a> has at least 2 bits set */
static inline unsigned long atleast2(unsigned long a)
{
	return a & (a - 1);
}

/* Simple ffs implementation. It returns the position of the lowest bit set to
 * one, starting at 1. It is illegal to call it with a==0 (undefined result).
 */
static inline unsigned int my_ffsl(unsigned long a)
{
	unsigned long cnt;

#if defined(__x86_64__)
	__asm__("bsf %1,%0\n" : "=r" (cnt) : "rm" (a));
	cnt++;
#else

	cnt = 1;
#if LONG_MAX > 0x7FFFFFFFL /* 64bits */
	if (!(a & 0xFFFFFFFFUL)) {
		a >>= 32;
		cnt += 32;
	}
#endif
	if (!(a & 0XFFFFU)) {
		a >>= 16;
		cnt += 16;
	}
	if (!(a & 0XFF)) {
		a >>= 8;
		cnt += 8;
	}
	if (!(a & 0xf)) {
		a >>= 4;
		cnt += 4;
	}
	if (!(a & 0x3)) {
		a >>= 2;
		cnt += 2;
	}
	if (!(a & 0x1)) {
		a >>= 1;
		cnt += 1;
	}
#endif /* x86_64 */

	return cnt;
}

/* Simple fls implementation. It returns the position of the highest bit set to
 * one, starting at 1. It is illegal to call it with a==0 (undefined result).
 */
static inline unsigned int my_flsl(unsigned long a)
{
	unsigned long cnt;

#if defined(__x86_64__)
	__asm__("bsr %1,%0\n" : "=r" (cnt) : "rm" (a));
	cnt++;
#else

	cnt = 1;
#if LONG_MAX > 0x7FFFFFFFUL /* 64bits */
	if (a & 0xFFFFFFFF00000000UL) {
		a >>= 32;
		cnt += 32;
	}
#endif
	if (a & 0XFFFF0000U) {
		a >>= 16;
		cnt += 16;
	}
	if (a & 0XFF00) {
		a >>= 8;
		cnt += 8;
	}
	if (a & 0xf0) {
		a >>= 4;
		cnt += 4;
	}
	if (a & 0xc) {
		a >>= 2;
		cnt += 2;
	}
	if (a & 0x2) {
		a >>= 1;
		cnt += 1;
	}
#endif /* x86_64 */

	return cnt;
}

/* Build a word with the <bits> lower bits set (reverse of my_popcountl) */
static inline unsigned long nbits(int bits)
{
	if (--bits < 0)
		return 0;
	else
		return (2UL << bits) - 1;
}

/* sets bit <bit> into map <map>, which must be long-aligned */
static inline void ha_bit_set(unsigned long bit, long *map)
{
	map[bit / (8 * sizeof(*map))] |= 1UL << (bit & (8 * sizeof(*map) - 1));
}

/* clears bit <bit> from map <map>, which must be long-aligned */
static inline void ha_bit_clr(unsigned long bit, long *map)
{
	map[bit / (8 * sizeof(*map))] &= ~(1UL << (bit & (8 * sizeof(*map) - 1)));
}

/* flips bit <bit> from map <map>, which must be long-aligned */
static inline void ha_bit_flip(unsigned long bit, long *map)
{
	map[bit / (8 * sizeof(*map))] ^= 1UL << (bit & (8 * sizeof(*map) - 1));
}

/* returns non-zero if bit <bit> from map <map> is set, otherwise 0 */
static inline int ha_bit_test(unsigned long bit, const long *map)
{
	return !!(map[bit / (8 * sizeof(*map))] & 1UL << (bit & (8 * sizeof(*map) - 1)));
}

/*
 * Parse binary string written in hexadecimal (source) and store the decoded
 * result into binstr and set binstrlen to the lengh of binstr. Memory for
 * binstr is allocated by the function. In case of error, returns 0 with an
 * error message in err.
 */
int parse_binary(const char *source, char **binstr, int *binstrlen, char **err);

/* copies at most <n> characters from <src> and always terminates with '\0' */
char *my_strndup(const char *src, int n);

/*
 * search needle in haystack
 * returns the pointer if found, returns NULL otherwise
 */
const void *my_memmem(const void *, size_t, const void *, size_t);

/* This function returns the first unused key greater than or equal to <key> in
 * ID tree <root>. Zero is returned if no place is found.
 */
unsigned int get_next_id(struct eb_root *root, unsigned int key);

/* dump the full tree to <file> in DOT format for debugging purposes. Will
 * optionally highlight node <subj> if found, depending on operation <op> :
 *    0 : nothing
 *   >0 : insertion, node/leaf are surrounded in red
 *   <0 : removal, node/leaf are dashed with no background
 * Will optionally add "desc" as a label on the graph if set and non-null.
 */
void eb32sc_to_file(FILE *file, struct eb_root *root, const struct eb32sc_node *subj,
                    int op, const char *desc);

/* This function compares a sample word possibly followed by blanks to another
 * clean word. The compare is case-insensitive. 1 is returned if both are equal,
 * otherwise zero. This intends to be used when checking HTTP headers for some
 * values.
 */
int word_match(const char *sample, int slen, const char *word, int wlen);

/* Convert a fixed-length string to an IP address. Returns 0 in case of error,
 * or the number of chars read in case of success.
 */
int buf2ip(const char *buf, size_t len, struct in_addr *dst);
int buf2ip6(const char *buf, size_t len, struct in6_addr *dst);

/* To be used to quote config arg positions. Returns the string at <ptr>
 * surrounded by simple quotes if <ptr> is valid and non-empty, or "end of line"
 * if ptr is NULL or empty. The string is locally allocated.
 */
const char *quote_arg(const char *ptr);

/* returns an operator among STD_OP_* for string <str> or < 0 if unknown */
int get_std_op(const char *str);

/* hash a 32-bit integer to another 32-bit integer */
extern unsigned int full_hash(unsigned int a);
static inline unsigned int __full_hash(unsigned int a)
{
	/* This function is one of Bob Jenkins' full avalanche hashing
	 * functions, which when provides quite a good distribution for little
	 * input variations. The result is quite suited to fit over a 32-bit
	 * space with enough variations so that a randomly picked number falls
	 * equally before any server position.
	 * Check http://burtleburtle.net/bob/hash/integer.html for more info.
	 */
	a = (a+0x7ed55d16) + (a<<12);
	a = (a^0xc761c23c) ^ (a>>19);
	a = (a+0x165667b1) + (a<<5);
	a = (a+0xd3a2646c) ^ (a<<9);
	a = (a+0xfd7046c5) + (a<<3);
	a = (a^0xb55a4f09) ^ (a>>16);

	/* ensure values are better spread all around the tree by multiplying
	 * by a large prime close to 3/4 of the tree.
	 */
	return a * 3221225473U;
}

/* Return the bit position in mask <m> of the nth bit set of rank <r>, between
 * 0 and LONGBITS-1 included, starting from the left. For example ranks 0,1,2,3
 * for mask 0x55 will be 6, 4, 2 and 0 respectively. This algorithm is based on
 * a popcount variant and is described here :
 *   https://graphics.stanford.edu/~seander/bithacks.html
 */
unsigned int mask_find_rank_bit(unsigned int r, unsigned long m);
unsigned int mask_find_rank_bit_fast(unsigned int r, unsigned long m,
                                     unsigned long a, unsigned long b,
                                     unsigned long c, unsigned long d);
void mask_prep_rank_map(unsigned long m,
                        unsigned long *a, unsigned long *b,
                        unsigned long *c, unsigned long *d);

/* sets the address family to AF_UNSPEC so that is_addr() does not match */
static inline void clear_addr(struct sockaddr_storage *addr)
{
	addr->ss_family = AF_UNSPEC;
}

/* returns non-zero if addr has a valid and non-null IPv4 or IPv6 address,
 * otherwise zero.
 */
static inline int is_inet_addr(const struct sockaddr_storage *addr)
{
	int i;

	switch (addr->ss_family) {
	case AF_INET:
		return *(int *)&((struct sockaddr_in *)addr)->sin_addr;
	case AF_INET6:
		for (i = 0; i < sizeof(struct in6_addr) / sizeof(int); i++)
			if (((int *)&((struct sockaddr_in6 *)addr)->sin6_addr)[i] != 0)
				return ((int *)&((struct sockaddr_in6 *)addr)->sin6_addr)[i];
	}
	return 0;
}

/* returns non-zero if addr has a valid and non-null IPv4 or IPv6 address,
 * or is a unix address, otherwise returns zero.
 */
static inline int is_addr(const struct sockaddr_storage *addr)
{
	if (addr->ss_family == AF_UNIX || addr->ss_family == AF_CUST_SOCKPAIR)
		return 1;
	else
		return is_inet_addr(addr);
}

/* returns port in network byte order */
static inline int get_net_port(struct sockaddr_storage *addr)
{
	switch (addr->ss_family) {
	case AF_INET:
		return ((struct sockaddr_in *)addr)->sin_port;
	case AF_INET6:
		return ((struct sockaddr_in6 *)addr)->sin6_port;
	}
	return 0;
}

/* returns port in host byte order */
static inline int get_host_port(struct sockaddr_storage *addr)
{
	switch (addr->ss_family) {
	case AF_INET:
		return ntohs(((struct sockaddr_in *)addr)->sin_port);
	case AF_INET6:
		return ntohs(((struct sockaddr_in6 *)addr)->sin6_port);
	}
	return 0;
}

/* returns address len for <addr>'s family, 0 for unknown families */
static inline int get_addr_len(const struct sockaddr_storage *addr)
{
	switch (addr->ss_family) {
	case AF_INET:
		return sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
	case AF_INET6:
		return sizeof(struct sockaddr_in6);
	case AF_UNIX:
		return sizeof(struct sockaddr_un);
	}
	return 0;
}

/* set port in host byte order */
static inline int set_net_port(struct sockaddr_storage *addr, int port)
{
	switch (addr->ss_family) {
	case AF_INET:
		((struct sockaddr_in *)addr)->sin_port = port;
		break;
	case AF_INET6:
		((struct sockaddr_in6 *)addr)->sin6_port = port;
		break;
	}
	return 0;
}

/* set port in network byte order */
static inline int set_host_port(struct sockaddr_storage *addr, int port)
{
	switch (addr->ss_family) {
	case AF_INET:
		((struct sockaddr_in *)addr)->sin_port = htons(port);
		break;
	case AF_INET6:
		((struct sockaddr_in6 *)addr)->sin6_port = htons(port);
		break;
	}
	return 0;
}

/* Convert mask from bit length form to in_addr form.
 * This function never fails.
 */
void len2mask4(int len, struct in_addr *addr);

/* Convert mask from bit length form to in6_addr form.
 * This function never fails.
 */
void len2mask6(int len, struct in6_addr *addr);

/* Return true if IPv4 address is part of the network */
extern int in_net_ipv4(const void *addr, const struct in_addr *mask, const struct in_addr *net);

/* Return true if IPv6 address is part of the network */
extern int in_net_ipv6(const void *addr, const struct in6_addr *mask, const struct in6_addr *net);

/* Map IPv4 address on IPv6 address, as specified in RFC 3513. */
extern void v4tov6(struct in6_addr *sin6_addr, struct in_addr *sin_addr);

/* Map IPv6 address on IPv4 address, as specified in RFC 3513.
 * Return true if conversion is possible and false otherwise.
 */
extern int v6tov4(struct in_addr *sin_addr, struct in6_addr *sin6_addr);

/* compare two struct sockaddr_storage and return:
 *  0 (true)  if the addr is the same in both
 *  1 (false) if the addr is not the same in both
 */
int ipcmp(struct sockaddr_storage *ss1, struct sockaddr_storage *ss2);

/* copy ip from <source> into <dest>
 * the caller must clear <dest> before calling.
 * Returns a pointer to the destination
 */
struct sockaddr_storage *ipcpy(struct sockaddr_storage *source, struct sockaddr_storage *dest);

char *human_time(int t, short hz_div);

extern const char *monthname[];

/* date2str_log: write a date in the format :
 * 	sprintf(str, "%02d/%s/%04d:%02d:%02d:%02d.%03d",
 *		tm.tm_mday, monthname[tm.tm_mon], tm.tm_year+1900,
 *		tm.tm_hour, tm.tm_min, tm.tm_sec, (int)date.tv_usec/1000);
 *
 * without using sprintf. return a pointer to the last char written (\0) or
 * NULL if there isn't enough space.
 */
char *date2str_log(char *dest, const struct tm *tm, const struct timeval *date, size_t size);

/* Return the GMT offset for a specific local time.
 * Both t and tm must represent the same time.
 * The string returned has the same format as returned by strftime(... "%z", tm).
 * Offsets are kept in an internal cache for better performances.
 */
const char *get_gmt_offset(time_t t, struct tm *tm);

/* gmt2str_log: write a date in the format :
 * "%02d/%s/%04d:%02d:%02d:%02d +0000" without using snprintf
 * return a pointer to the last char written (\0) or
 * NULL if there isn't enough space.
 */
char *gmt2str_log(char *dst, struct tm *tm, size_t size);

/* localdate2str_log: write a date in the format :
 * "%02d/%s/%04d:%02d:%02d:%02d +0000(local timezone)" without using snprintf
 * Both t and tm must represent the same time.
 * return a pointer to the last char written (\0) or
 * NULL if there isn't enough space.
 */
char *localdate2str_log(char *dst, time_t t, struct tm *tm, size_t size);

/* These 3 functions parses date string and fills the
 * corresponding broken-down time in <tm>. In succes case,
 * it returns 1, otherwise, it returns 0.
 */
int parse_http_date(const char *date, int len, struct tm *tm);
int parse_imf_date(const char *date, int len, struct tm *tm);
int parse_rfc850_date(const char *date, int len, struct tm *tm);
int parse_asctime_date(const char *date, int len, struct tm *tm);

/* Dynamically allocates a string of the proper length to hold the formatted
 * output. NULL is returned on error. The caller is responsible for freeing the
 * memory area using free(). The resulting string is returned in <out> if the
 * pointer is not NULL. A previous version of <out> might be used to build the
 * new string, and it will be freed before returning if it is not NULL, which
 * makes it possible to build complex strings from iterative calls without
 * having to care about freeing intermediate values, as in the example below :
 *
 *     memprintf(&err, "invalid argument: '%s'", arg);
 *     ...
 *     memprintf(&err, "parser said : <%s>\n", *err);
 *     ...
 *     free(*err);
 *
 * This means that <err> must be initialized to NULL before first invocation.
 * The return value also holds the allocated string, which eases error checking
 * and immediate consumption. If the output pointer is not used, NULL must be
 * passed instead and it will be ignored. The returned message will then also
 * be NULL so that the caller does not have to bother with freeing anything.
 *
 * It is also convenient to use it without any free except the last one :
 *    err = NULL;
 *    if (!fct1(err)) report(*err);
 *    if (!fct2(err)) report(*err);
 *    if (!fct3(err)) report(*err);
 *    free(*err);
 *
 * memprintf relies on memvprintf. This last version can be called from any
 * function with variadic arguments.
 */
char *memvprintf(char **out, const char *format, va_list args)
	__attribute__ ((format(printf, 2, 0)));

char *memprintf(char **out, const char *format, ...)
	__attribute__ ((format(printf, 2, 3)));

/* Used to add <level> spaces before each line of <out>, unless there is only one line.
 * The input argument is automatically freed and reassigned. The result will have to be
 * freed by the caller.
 * Example of use :
 *   parse(cmd, &err); (callee: memprintf(&err, ...))
 *   fprintf(stderr, "Parser said: %s\n", indent_error(&err));
 *   free(err);
 */
char *indent_msg(char **out, int level);
int append_prefixed_str(struct buffer *out, const char *in, const char *pfx, char eol, int first);

/* removes environment variable <name> from the environment as found in
 * environ. This is only provided as an alternative for systems without
 * unsetenv() (old Solaris and AIX versions). THIS IS NOT THREAD SAFE.
 * The principle is to scan environ for each occurence of variable name
 * <name> and to replace the matching pointers with the last pointer of
 * the array (since variables are not ordered).
 * It always returns 0 (success).
 */
int my_unsetenv(const char *name);

/* Convert occurrences of environment variables in the input string to their
 * corresponding value. A variable is identified as a series of alphanumeric
 * characters or underscores following a '$' sign. The <in> string must be
 * free()able. NULL returns NULL. The resulting string might be reallocated if
 * some expansion is made.
 */
char *env_expand(char *in);

/* debugging macro to emit messages using write() on fd #-1 so that strace sees
 * them.
 */
#define fddebug(msg...) do { char *_m = NULL; memprintf(&_m, ##msg); if (_m) write(-1, _m, strlen(_m)); free(_m); } while (0)

/* displays a <len> long memory block at <buf>, assuming first byte of <buf>
 * has address <baseaddr>. String <pfx> may be placed as a prefix in front of
 * each line. It may be NULL if unused. The output is emitted to file <out>.
 */
void debug_hexdump(FILE *out, const char *pfx, const char *buf, unsigned int baseaddr, int len);

/* this is used to emit call traces when building with TRACE=1 */
__attribute__((format(printf, 1, 2)))
void calltrace(char *fmt, ...);

/* used from everywhere just to drain results we don't want to read and which
 * recent versions of gcc increasingly and annoyingly complain about.
 */
extern int shut_your_big_mouth_gcc_int;

/* used from everywhere just to drain results we don't want to read and which
 * recent versions of gcc increasingly and annoyingly complain about.
 */
static inline void shut_your_big_mouth_gcc(int r)
{
	shut_your_big_mouth_gcc_int = r;
}

/* same as strstr() but case-insensitive */
const char *strnistr(const char *str1, int len_str1, const char *str2, int len_str2);

/* after increasing a pointer value, it can exceed the first buffer
 * size. This function transform the value of <ptr> according with
 * the expected position. <chunks> is an array of the one or two
 * available chunks. The first value is the start of the first chunk,
 * the second value if the end+1 of the first chunks. The third value
 * is NULL or the start of the second chunk and the fourth value is
 * the end+1 of the second chunk. The function returns 1 if does a
 * wrap, else returns 0.
 */
static inline int fix_pointer_if_wrap(const char **chunks, const char **ptr)
{
	if (*ptr < chunks[1])
		return 0;
	if (!chunks[2])
		return 0;
	*ptr = chunks[2] + ( *ptr - chunks[1] );
	return 1;
}

/************************* Composite address manipulation *********************
 * Composite addresses are simply unsigned long data in which the higher bits
 * represent a pointer, and the two lower bits are flags. There are several
 * places where we just want to associate one or two flags to a pointer (eg,
 * to type it), and these functions permit this. The pointer is necessarily a
 * 32-bit aligned pointer, as its two lower bits will be cleared and replaced
 * with the flags.
 *****************************************************************************/

/* Masks the two lower bits of a composite address and converts it to a
 * pointer. This is used to mix some bits with some aligned pointers to
 * structs and to retrieve the original (32-bit aligned) pointer.
 */
static inline void *caddr_to_ptr(unsigned long caddr)
{
	return (void *)(caddr & ~3UL);
}

/* Only retrieves the two lower bits of a composite address. This is used to mix
 * some bits with some aligned pointers to structs and to retrieve the original
 * data (2 bits).
 */
static inline unsigned int caddr_to_data(unsigned long caddr)
{
	return (caddr & 3UL);
}

/* Combines the aligned pointer whose 2 lower bits will be masked with the bits
 * from <data> to form a composite address. This is used to mix some bits with
 * some aligned pointers to structs and to retrieve the original (32-bit aligned)
 * pointer.
 */
static inline unsigned long caddr_from_ptr(void *ptr, unsigned int data)
{
	return (((unsigned long)ptr) & ~3UL) + (data & 3);
}

/* sets the 2 bits of <data> in the <caddr> composite address */
static inline unsigned long caddr_set_flags(unsigned long caddr, unsigned int data)
{
	return caddr | (data & 3);
}

/* clears the 2 bits of <data> in the <caddr> composite address */
static inline unsigned long caddr_clr_flags(unsigned long caddr, unsigned int data)
{
	return caddr & ~(unsigned long)(data & 3);
}

/* UTF-8 decoder status */
#define UTF8_CODE_OK       0x00
#define UTF8_CODE_OVERLONG 0x10
#define UTF8_CODE_INVRANGE 0x20
#define UTF8_CODE_BADSEQ   0x40

unsigned char utf8_next(const char *s, int len, unsigned int *c);

static inline unsigned char utf8_return_code(unsigned int code)
{
	return code & 0xf0;
}

static inline unsigned char utf8_return_length(unsigned char code)
{
	return code & 0x0f;
}

/* Turns 64-bit value <a> from host byte order to network byte order.
 * The principle consists in letting the compiler detect we're playing
 * with a union and simplify most or all operations. The asm-optimized
 * htonl() version involving bswap (x86) / rev (arm) / other is a single
 * operation on little endian, or a NOP on big-endian. In both cases,
 * this lets the compiler "see" that we're rebuilding a 64-bit word from
 * two 32-bit quantities that fit into a 32-bit register. In big endian,
 * the whole code is optimized out. In little endian, with a decent compiler,
 * a few bswap and 2 shifts are left, which is the minimum acceptable.
 */
static inline unsigned long long my_htonll(unsigned long long a)
{
#if defined(__x86_64__)
	__asm__ volatile("bswap %0" : "=r"(a) : "0"(a));
	return a;
#else
	union {
		struct {
			unsigned int w1;
			unsigned int w2;
		} by32;
		unsigned long long by64;
	} w = { .by64 = a };
	return ((unsigned long long)htonl(w.by32.w1) << 32) | htonl(w.by32.w2);
#endif
}

/* Turns 64-bit value <a> from network byte order to host byte order. */
static inline unsigned long long my_ntohll(unsigned long long a)
{
	return my_htonll(a);
}

/* returns a 64-bit a timestamp with the finest resolution available. The
 * unit is intentionally not specified. It's mostly used to compare dates.
 */
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
static inline unsigned long long rdtsc()
{
     unsigned int a, d;
     asm volatile("rdtsc" : "=a" (a), "=d" (d));
     return a + ((unsigned long long)d << 32);
}
#else
static inline unsigned long long rdtsc()
{
	struct timeval tv;
	gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
	return tv.tv_sec * 1000000 + tv.tv_usec;
}
#endif

/* append a copy of string <str> (in a wordlist) at the end of the list <li>
 * On failure : return 0 and <err> filled with an error message.
 * The caller is responsible for freeing the <err> and <str> copy
 * memory area using free()
 */
struct list;
int list_append_word(struct list *li, const char *str, char **err);

int dump_text(struct buffer *out, const char *buf, int bsize);
int dump_binary(struct buffer *out, const char *buf, int bsize);
int dump_text_line(struct buffer *out, const char *buf, int bsize, int len,
                   int *line, int ptr);
void dump_hex(struct buffer *out, const char *pfx, const void *buf, int len, int unsafe);
int may_access(const void *ptr);

/* same as realloc() except that ptr is also freed upon failure */
static inline void *my_realloc2(void *ptr, size_t size)
{
	void *ret;

	ret = realloc(ptr, size);
	if (!ret && size)
		free(ptr);
	return ret;
}

int parse_dotted_uints(const char *s, unsigned int **nums, size_t *sz);

/* HAP_STRING() makes a string from a literal while HAP_XSTRING() first
 * evaluates the argument and is suited to pass macros.
 *
 * They allow macros like PCRE_MAJOR to be defined without quotes, which
 * is convenient for applications that want to test its value.
 */
#define HAP_STRING(...) #__VA_ARGS__
#define HAP_XSTRING(...) HAP_STRING(__VA_ARGS__)

#endif /* _COMMON_STANDARD_H */