DEV: phash: add a trivial perfect hash generator for integers

We have a few places where we're checking many status codes. The sets
are so small that just a multiply, a shift and an optional xor are
sufficient to turn that into a smaller set. The program used to produce
them is hackish as it allows to easily fiddle with various operations
manually and experiment by brute-forcing a pair of integers for the
mul and the xor. It also supports producing an incomplete table that
gives an easier modulo operation. Let's commit it as-is so that it can
be reused later (e.g. if new status codes are introduced for example).

dev/phash/phash.c

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+/* Brute-force based perfect hash generator for small sets of integers. Just
+ * fill the table below with the integer values, try to pad a little bit to
+ * avoid too complicated divides, experiment with a few operations in the
+ * hash function and reuse the output as-is to make your table. You may also
+ * want to experiment with the random generator to use either one or two
+ * distinct values for mul and key.
+ */
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+/* warning no more than 32 distinct values! */
+
+//#define CODES 21
+//#define CODES 20
+//#define CODES 19
+//const int codes[CODES] = { 200,400,401,403,404,405,407,408,410,413,421,422,425,429,500,501,502,503,504};
+
+#define CODES 32
+const int codes[CODES] = { 200,400,401,403,404,405,407,408,410,413,421,422,425,429,500,501,502,503,504,
+	/* padding entries below, which will fall back to the default code */
+	-1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1};
+
+unsigned mul, xor;
+unsigned bmul = 0, bxor = 0;
+
+static unsigned rnd32seed = 0x11111111U;
+static unsigned rnd32()
+{
+        rnd32seed ^= rnd32seed << 13;
+        rnd32seed ^= rnd32seed >> 17;
+        rnd32seed ^= rnd32seed << 5;
+        return rnd32seed;
+}
+
+/* the hash function to use in the target code. Try various combinations of
+ * multiplies and xor, always folded with a modulo, and try to spot the
+ * simplest operations if possible. Sometimes it may be worth adding a few
+ * dummy codes to get a better modulo code. In this case, just add dummy
+ * values at the end, but always distinct from the original ones. If the
+ * number of codes is even, it might be needed to rotate left the result
+ * before the modulo to compensate for lost LSBs.
+ */
+unsigned hash(unsigned i)
+{
+	//return ((i * mul) - (i ^ xor)) % CODES; // more solutions
+	//return ((i * mul) + (i ^ xor)) % CODES; // alternate
+	//return ((i ^ xor) * mul) % CODES; // less solutions but still OK for sequences up to 19 long
+	//return ((i * mul) ^ xor) % CODES; // less solutions but still OK for sequences up to 19 long
+
+	i = i * mul;
+	i >>= 5;
+	//i = i ^ xor;
+	//i = (i << 30) | (i >> 2); // rotate 2 right
+	//i = (i << 2) | (i >> 30); // rotate 2 left
+	//i |= i >> 20;
+	//i += i >> 30;
+	//i |= i >> 16;
+	return i % CODES;
+	//return ((i * mul) ^ xor) % CODES; // less solutions but still OK for sequences up to 19 long
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	unsigned h, i, flag, best, tests;
+
+	if (argc > 2) {
+		mul = atol(argv[1]);
+		xor = atol(argv[2]);
+		for (i = 0; i < CODES && codes[i] >= 0; i++)
+			printf("hash(%4u) = %4u   //   [%4u] = %4u\n", codes[i], hash(codes[i]), hash(codes[i]), codes[i]);
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	tests = 0;
+	best = 0;
+	while (/*best < CODES &&*/ ++tests) {
+		mul = rnd32();
+		xor = mul;  // works for some sequences up to 21 long
+		//xor = rnd32(); // more solutions
+
+		flag = 0;
+		for (i = 0; i < CODES && codes[i] >= 0; i++) {
+			h = hash(codes[i]);
+			if (flag & (1 << h))
+				break;
+			flag |= 1 << h;
+		}
+
+		if (i > best ||
+		    (i == best && mul <= bmul && xor <= bxor)) {
+			/* find the best code and try to find the smallest
+			 * parameters among the best ones (need to disable
+			 * best<CODES in the loop for this). Small values are
+			 * interesting for some multipliers, and for some RISC
+			 * architectures where literals can be loaded in less
+			 * instructions.
+			 */
+			best = i;
+			bmul = mul;
+			bxor = xor;
+			printf("%u: mul=%u xor=%u\n", best, bmul, bxor);
+		}
+
+		if ((tests & 0x7ffff) == 0)
+			printf("%u tests...\r", tests);
+	}
+	printf("%u tests, %u vals with mul=%u xor=%u:\n", tests, best, bmul, bxor);
+
+	mul = bmul; xor = bxor;
+	for (i = 0; i < CODES && codes[i] >= 0; i++)
+		printf("hash(%4u) = %2u   //   [%2u] = %4u\n", codes[i], hash(codes[i]), hash(codes[i]), codes[i]);
+}