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526 lines
19 KiB
ReStructuredText
==================
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Configuring Ceph
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==================
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When you start the Ceph service, the initialization process activates a series
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of daemons that run in the background. The hosts in a typical Ceph cluster run
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at least one of four daemons:
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- Object Storage Device (``ceph-osd``)
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- Monitor (``ceph-mon``)
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- Metadata Server (``ceph-mds``)
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- Ceph Gateway (``radosgw``)
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For your convenience, each daemon has a series of default values (*i.e.*, many
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are set by ``ceph/src/common/config_opts.h``). You may override these settings
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with a Ceph configuration file.
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.. _ceph-conf-file:
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The ceph.conf File
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==================
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When you start a Ceph cluster, each daemon looks for a ``ceph.conf`` file that
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provides its configuration settings. For manual deployments, you need to create
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a ``ceph.conf`` file to configure your cluster. For third party tools that
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create configuration files for you (*e.g.*, Chef), you may use the information
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contained herein as a reference. The ``ceph.conf`` file defines:
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- Cluster membership
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- Host names
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- Host addresses
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- Paths to keyrings
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- Paths to journals
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- Paths to data
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- Other runtime options
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The default ``ceph.conf`` locations in sequential order include:
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#. ``$CEPH_CONF`` (*i.e.,* the path following the ``$CEPH_CONF`` environment variable)
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#. ``-c path/path`` (*i.e.,* the ``-c`` command line argument)
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#. ``/etc/ceph/ceph.conf``
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#. ``~/.ceph/config``
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#. ``./ceph.conf`` (*i.e.,* in the current working directory)
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The ``ceph.conf`` file uses an *ini* style syntax. You can add comments to the
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``ceph.conf`` file by preceding comments with a semi-colon (;) or a pound sign
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(#). For example:
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.. code-block:: ini
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# <--A number (#) sign precedes a comment.
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; A comment may be anything.
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# Comments always follow a semi-colon (;) or a pound (#) on each line.
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# The end of the line terminates a comment.
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# We recommend that you provide comments in your configuration file(s).
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.. _ceph-conf-settings:
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ceph.conf Settings
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==================
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The ``ceph.conf`` file can configure all daemons in a cluster, or all daemons of
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a particular type. To configure a series of daemons, the settings must be
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included under the processes that will receive the configuration as follows:
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``[global]``
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:Description: Settings under ``[global]`` affect all daemons in a Ceph cluster.
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:Example: ``auth supported = cephx``
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``[osd]``
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:Description: Settings under ``[osd]`` affect all ``ceph-osd`` daemons in the cluster.
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:Example: ``osd journal size = 1000``
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``[mon]``
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:Description: Settings under ``[mon]`` affect all ``ceph-mon`` daemons in the cluster.
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:Example: ``mon addr = 10.0.0.101:6789``
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``[mds]``
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:Description: Settings under ``[mds]`` affect all ``ceph-mds`` daemons in the cluster.
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:Example: ``host = myserver01``
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Global settings affect all instances of all daemon in the cluster. Use the ``[global]``
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setting for values that are common for all daemons in the cluster. You can override each
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``[global]`` setting by:
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#. Changing the setting in a particular process type (*e.g.,* ``[osd]``, ``[mon]``, ``[mds]`` ).
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#. Changing the setting in a particular process (*e.g.,* ``[osd.1]`` )
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Overriding a global setting affects all child processes, except those that
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you specifically override.
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A typical global setting involves activating authentication. For example:
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.. code-block:: ini
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[global]
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# Enable authentication between hosts within the cluster.
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auth supported = cephx
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You can specify settings that apply to a particular type of daemon. When you
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specify settings under ``[osd]``, ``[mon]`` or ``[mds]`` without specifying a
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particular instance, the setting will apply to all OSDs, monitors or metadata
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daemons respectively.
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You may specify settings for particular instances of a daemon. You may specify
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an instance by entering its type, delimited by a period (.) and by the
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instance ID. The instance ID for an OSD is always numeric, but it may be
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alphanumeric for monitors and metadata servers.
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.. code-block:: ini
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[osd.1]
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# settings affect osd.1 only.
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[mon.a]
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# settings affect mon.a only.
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[mds.b]
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# settings affect mds.b only.
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.. _ceph-metavariables:
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Metavariables
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=============
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Metavariables simplify cluster configuration dramatically. When a metavariable
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is set in a configuration value, Ceph expands the metavariable into a concrete
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value. Metavariables are very powerful when used within the ``[global]``,
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``[osd]``, ``[mon]`` or ``[mds]`` sections of your configuration file. Ceph
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metavariables are similar to Bash shell expansion.
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Ceph supports the following metavariables:
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``$cluster``
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:Description: Expands to the cluster name. Useful when running multiple clusters on the same hardware.
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:Example: ``/etc/ceph/$cluster.keyring``
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:Default: ``ceph``
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``$type``
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:Description: Expands to one of ``mds``, ``osd``, or ``mon``, depending on the type of the current daemon.
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:Example: ``/var/lib/ceph/$type``
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``$id``
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:Description: Expands to the daemon identifier. For ``osd.0``, this would be ``0``; for ``mds.a``, it would be ``a``.
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:Example: ``/var/lib/ceph/$type/$cluster-$id``
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``$host``
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:Description: Expands to the host name of the current daemon.
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``$name``
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:Description: Expands to ``$type.$id``.
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:Example: ``/var/run/ceph/$cluster-$name.asok``
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.. _ceph-conf-common-settings:
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Common Settings
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===============
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The `Hardware Recommendations`_ section provides some hardware guidelines for
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configuring the cluster. It is possible for a single host to run multiple
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daemons. For example, a single host with multiple disks or RAIDs may run one
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``ceph-osd`` for each disk or RAID. Additionally, a host may run both a
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``ceph-mon`` and an ``ceph-osd`` daemon on the same host. Ideally, you will have
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a host for a particular type of process. For example, one host may run
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``ceph-osd`` daemons, another host may run a ``ceph-mds`` daemon, and other
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hosts may run ``ceph-mon`` daemons.
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Each host has a name identified by the ``host`` setting. Monitors also specify
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a network address and port (i.e., domain name or IP address) identified by the
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``addr`` setting. A basic configuration file will typically specify only
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minimal settings for each instance of a daemon. For example:
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.. code-block:: ini
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[mon.a]
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host = hostName
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mon addr = 150.140.130.120:6789
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[osd.0]
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host = hostName
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.. _Hardware Recommendations: ../../install/hardware-recommendations
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.. _ceph-network-config:
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Networks
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========
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Monitors listen on port 6789 by default, while metadata servers and OSDs listen
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on the first available port beginning at 6800. Ensure that you open port 6789 on
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hosts that run a monitor daemon, and open one port beginning at port 6800 for
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each OSD or metadata server that runs on the host. Ports are host-specific, so
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you don't need to open any more ports open than the number of daemons running on
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that host, other than potentially a few spares. You may consider opening a few
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additional ports in case a daemon fails and restarts without letting go of the
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port such that the restarted daemon binds to a new port. If you set up separate
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public and cluster networks, you may need to make entries for each network.
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For example::
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iptables -A INPUT -m multiport -p tcp -s {ip-address}/{netmask} --dports 6789,6800:6810 -j ACCEPT
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In our `hardware recommendations`_ section, we recommend having at least two NIC
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cards, because Ceph can support two networks: a public (front-side) network, and
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a cluster (back-side) network. Ceph functions just fine with a public network
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only. You only need to specify the public and cluster network settings if you
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use both public and cluster networks.
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There are several reasons to consider operating two separate networks. First,
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OSDs handle data replication for the clients. When OSDs replicate data more than
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once, the network load between OSDs easily dwarfs the network load between
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clients and the Ceph cluster. This can introduce latency and create a
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performance problem. Second, while most people are generally civil, a very tiny
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segment of the population likes to engage in what's known as a Denial of Service
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(DoS) attack. When traffic between OSDs gets disrupted, placement groups may no
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longer reflect an ``active + clean`` state, which may prevent users from reading
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and writing data. A great way to defeat this type of attack is to maintain a
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completely separate cluster network that doesn't connect directly to the
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internet.
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To configure the networks, add the following options to the ``[global]`` section
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of your ``ceph.conf`` file.
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.. code-block:: ini
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[global]
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public network {public-network-ip-address/netmask}
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cluster network {enter cluster-network-ip-address/netmask}
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To configure Ceph hosts to use the networks, you should set the following options
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in the daemon instance sections of your ``ceph.conf`` file.
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.. code-block:: ini
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[osd.0]
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public network {host-public-ip-address}
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cluster network {host-cluster-ip-address}
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.. _hardware recommendations: ../../install/hardware-recommendations
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.. _ceph-monitor-config:
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Monitors
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========
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Ceph production clusters typically deploy with a minimum 3 monitors to ensure
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high availability should a monitor instance crash. An odd number of monitors (3)
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ensures that the Paxos algorithm can determine which version of the cluster map
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is the most recent from a quorum of monitors.
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.. note:: You may deploy Ceph with a single monitor, but if the instance fails,
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the lack of a monitor may interrupt data service availability.
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Ceph monitors typically listen on port ``6789``. For example:
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.. code-block:: ini
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[mon.a]
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host = hostName
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mon addr = 150.140.130.120:6789
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By default, Ceph expects that you will store a monitor's data under the following path::
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/var/lib/ceph/mon/$cluster-$id
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You must create the corresponding directory yourself. With metavariables fully
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expressed and a cluster named "ceph", the foregoing directory would evaluate to::
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/var/lib/ceph/mon/ceph-a
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You may override this path using the ``mon data`` setting. We don't recommend
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changing the default location. Create the default directory on your new monitor host. ::
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ssh {new-mon-host}
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sudo mkdir /var/lib/ceph/mon/ceph-{mon-letter}
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.. _ceph-osd-config:
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OSDs
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====
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Ceph production clusters typically deploy OSDs where one host has one OSD daemon
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running a filestore on one data disk. A typical deployment specifies a journal
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size and whether the file store's extended attributes (XATTRs) use an
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object map (i.e., when running on the ``ext4`` filesystem). For example:
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.. code-block:: ini
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[osd]
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osd journal size = 10000
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filestore xattr use omap = true #enables the object map. Only if running ext4.
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[osd.0]
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hostname = {hostname}
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By default, Ceph expects that you will store an OSD's data with the following path::
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/var/lib/ceph/osd/$cluster-$id
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You must create the corresponding directory yourself. With metavariables fully
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expressed and a cluster named "ceph", the foregoing directory would evaluate to::
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/var/lib/ceph/osd/ceph-0
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You may override this path using the ``osd data`` setting. We don't recommend
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changing the default location. Create the default directory on your new OSD host. ::
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ssh {new-osd-host}
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sudo mkdir /var/lib/ceph/osd/ceph-{osd-number}
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The ``osd data`` path ideally leads to a mount point with a hard disk that is
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separate from the hard disk storing and running the operating system and
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daemons. If the OSD is for a disk other than the OS disk, prepare it for
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use with Ceph, and mount it to the directory you just created::
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ssh {new-osd-host}
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sudo mkfs -t {fstype} /dev/{disk}
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sudo mount -o user_xattr /dev/{hdd} /var/lib/ceph/osd/ceph-{osd-number}
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We recommend using the ``xfs`` file system or the ``btrfs`` file system when
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running :command:mkfs.
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By default, Ceph expects that you will store an OSDs journal with the following path::
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/var/lib/ceph/osd/$cluster-$id/journal
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Without performance optimization, Ceph stores the journal on the same disk as
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the OSDs data. An OSD optimized for performance may use a separate disk to store
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journal data (e.g., a solid state drive delivers high performance journaling).
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Ceph's default ``osd journal size`` is 0, so you will need to set this in your
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``ceph.conf`` file. A journal size should find the product of the ``filestore
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min sync interval`` and the expected throughput, and multiple the product by
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two (2)::
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osd journal size = {2 * (expected throughput * filestore min sync interval)}
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The expected throughput number should include the expected disk throughput
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(i.e., sustained data transfer rate), and network throughput. For example,
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a 7200 RPM disk will likely have approximately 100 MB/s. Taking the ``min()``
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of the disk and network throughput should provide a reasonable expected
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throughput. Some users just start off with a 10GB journal size. For
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example::
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osd journal size = 10000
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.. _ceph-logging-and-debugging:
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Logs / Debugging
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================
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Ceph is still on the leading edge, so you may encounter situations that require
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modifying logging output and using Ceph's debugging. To activate Ceph's
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debugging output (*i.e.*, ``dout()``), you may add ``debug`` settings to your
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configuration. Ceph's logging levels operate on a scale of 1 to 20, where 1 is
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terse and 20 is verbose. Subsystems common to each daemon may be set under
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``[global]`` in your configuration file. Subsystems for particular daemons are
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set under the daemon section in your configuration file (*e.g.*, ``[mon]``,
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``[osd]``, ``[mds]``). For example::
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[global]
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debug ms = 1
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[mon]
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debug mon = 20
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debug paxos = 20
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debug auth = 20
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[osd]
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debug osd = 20
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debug filestore = 20
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debug journal = 20
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debug monc = 20
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[mds]
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debug mds = 20
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debug mds balancer = 20
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debug mds log = 20
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debug mds migrator = 20
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When your system is running well, choose appropriate logging levels and remove
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unnecessary debugging settings to ensure your cluster runs optimally. Logging
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debug output messages is relatively slow, and a waste of resources when operating
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your cluster.
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.. tip: When debug output slows down your system, the latency can hide race conditions.
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Each subsystem has a logging level for its output logs, and for its logs
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in-memory. You may set different values for each of these subsystems by setting
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a log file level and a memory level for debug logging. For example::
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debug {subsystem} {log-level}/{memory-level}
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#for example
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debug mds log 1/20
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+--------------------+-----------+--------------+
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| Subsystem | Log Level | Memory Level |
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+====================+===========+==============+
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| ``default`` | 0 | 5 |
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+--------------------+-----------+--------------+
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| ``lockdep`` | 0 | 5 |
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+--------------------+-----------+--------------+
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| ``context`` | 0 | 5 |
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+--------------------+-----------+--------------+
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| ``crush`` | 1 | 5 |
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+--------------------+-----------+--------------+
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| ``mds`` | 1 | 5 |
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+--------------------+-----------+--------------+
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| ``mds balancer`` | 1 | 5 |
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+--------------------+-----------+--------------+
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| ``mds locker`` | 1 | 5 |
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+--------------------+-----------+--------------+
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| ``mds log`` | 1 | 5 |
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+--------------------+-----------+--------------+
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| ``mds log expire`` | 1 | 5 |
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+--------------------+-----------+--------------+
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| ``mds migrator`` | 1 | 5 |
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+--------------------+-----------+--------------+
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| ``buffer`` | 0 | 0 |
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+--------------------+-----------+--------------+
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| ``timer`` | 0 | 5 |
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+--------------------+-----------+--------------+
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| ``filer`` | 0 | 5 |
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+--------------------+-----------+--------------+
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| ``objecter`` | 0 | 0 |
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+--------------------+-----------+--------------+
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| ``rados`` | 0 | 5 |
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+--------------------+-----------+--------------+
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| ``rbd`` | 0 | 5 |
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+--------------------+-----------+--------------+
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| ``journaler`` | 0 | 5 |
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+--------------------+-----------+--------------+
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| ``objectcacher`` | 0 | 5 |
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+--------------------+-----------+--------------+
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| ``client`` | 0 | 5 |
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+--------------------+-----------+--------------+
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| ``osd`` | 0 | 5 |
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+--------------------+-----------+--------------+
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| ``optracker`` | 0 | 5 |
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+--------------------+-----------+--------------+
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| ``objclass`` | 0 | 5 |
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+--------------------+-----------+--------------+
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| ``filestore`` | 1 | 5 |
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+--------------------+-----------+--------------+
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| ``journal`` | 1 | 5 |
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+--------------------+-----------+--------------+
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| ``ms`` | 0 | 5 |
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+--------------------+-----------+--------------+
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| ``mon`` | 1 | 5 |
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+--------------------+-----------+--------------+
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| ``monc`` | 0 | 5 |
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+--------------------+-----------+--------------+
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| ``paxos`` | 0 | 5 |
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+--------------------+-----------+--------------+
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| ``tp`` | 0 | 5 |
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+--------------------+-----------+--------------+
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| ``auth`` | 1 | 5 |
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+--------------------+-----------+--------------+
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| ``finisher`` | 1 | 5 |
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+--------------------+-----------+--------------+
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| ``heartbeatmap`` | 1 | 5 |
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+--------------------+-----------+--------------+
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| ``perfcounter`` | 1 | 5 |
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+--------------------+-----------+--------------+
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| ``rgw`` | 1 | 5 |
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+--------------------+-----------+--------------+
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| ``hadoop`` | 1 | 5 |
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+--------------------+-----------+--------------+
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| ``asok`` | 1 | 5 |
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+--------------------+-----------+--------------+
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| ``throttle`` | 1 | 5 |
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+--------------------+-----------+--------------+
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Example ceph.conf
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=================
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.. literalinclude:: demo-ceph.conf
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:language: ini
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.. _ceph-runtime-config:
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Runtime Changes
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===============
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Ceph allows you to make changes to the configuration of an ``ceph-osd``,
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``ceph-mon``, or ``ceph-mds`` daemon at runtime. This capability is quite
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useful for increasing/decreasing logging output, enabling/disabling debug
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settings, and even for runtime optimization. The following reflects runtime
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configuration usage::
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ceph {daemon-type} tell {id or *} injectargs --{name} {value} [--{name} {value}]
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Replace ``{daemon-type}`` with one of ``osd``, ``mon`` or ``mds``. You may apply
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the runtime setting to all daemons of a particular type with ``*``, or specify
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a specific daemon's ID (i.e., its number or letter). For example, to increase
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debug logging for a ``ceph-osd`` daemon named ``osd.0``, execute the following::
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ceph osd tell 0 injectargs --debug_osd 20
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In your ``ceph.conf`` file, you may use spaces when specifying a setting name.
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When specifying a setting name on the command line, ensure that you use an
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underscore (``_``) between terms (e.g., ``debug osd`` becomes ``debug_osd``).
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