ceph/doc/cephfs/file-layouts.rst

.. _file-layouts:

File layouts
============

The layout of a file controls how its contents are mapped to Ceph RADOS objects.  You can
read and write a file's layout using *virtual extended attributes* or xattrs.

Clients must use the ``p`` flag when writing a file's layout. See :ref:`Layout
and Quota restriction (the 'p' flag) <cephfs-layout-and-quota-restriction>`.

The name of the layout xattrs depends on whether a file is a regular file or a directory.  Regular
files' layout xattrs are called ``ceph.file.layout``, whereas directories' layout xattrs are called
``ceph.dir.layout``.  Where subsequent examples refer to ``ceph.file.layout``, substitute ``dir`` as appropriate
when dealing with directories.

.. tip::

    Your linux distribution may not ship with commands for manipulating xattrs by default,
    the required package is usually called ``attr``.

Layout fields
-------------

pool
    This is a string and contains either an ID or a name. Strings may contain
    only characters in the set ``[a-zA-Z0-9\_-.]``. This determines the RADOS
    pool that stores a file's data objects.

pool_id
    This is a string of digits. This is the pool ID that was assigned by Ceph
    at the time of the creation of the RADOS pool.

pool_name
    This is a string. This is the name of the RADOS pool as defined by the user
    when the pool was created. 

pool_namespace
    This is a string containing only characters in the set ``[a-zA-Z0-9\_-.]``.
    This determines which RADOS namespace within the data pool that the objects
    will be written to.
    Empty by default (i.e. default namespace).

stripe_unit
    This is an integer. The size (in bytes) of a block of data used in the
    distribution of a file. All stripe units for a file have equal size. The
    last stripe unit is typically only partly full of data: it holds file data
    through EOF as well as padding that fills the balance of the fixed stripe
    unit size. 

stripe_count
    Integer. The number of consecutive stripe units that constitute a RAID 0
    “stripe” of file data.

object_size
    Integer. The size of the object in bytes. File data is chunked into RADOS
    objects of this size.

.. tip::

    RADOS enforces a configurable limit on object sizes: if you increase CephFS
    object sizes beyond that limit then writes may not succeed.  The OSD
    setting is ``osd_max_object_size``, which is 128MB by default.
    Very large RADOS objects may prevent smooth operation of the cluster,
    so increasing the object size limit past the default is not recommended.

Reading layouts with ``getfattr``
---------------------------------

Read the layout information as a single string:

.. code-block:: bash

    $ touch file
    $ getfattr -n ceph.file.layout file
    # file: file
    ceph.file.layout="stripe_unit=4194304 stripe_count=1 object_size=4194304 pool=cephfs_data"

Read individual layout fields:

.. code-block:: bash

    $ getfattr -n ceph.file.layout.pool_name file
    # file: file
    ceph.file.layout.pool_name="cephfs_data"
    $ getfattr -n ceph.file.layout.pool_id file
    # file: file
    ceph.file.layout.pool_id="5"
    $ getfattr -n ceph.file.layout.pool file
    # file: file
    ceph.file.layout.pool="cephfs_data"
    $ getfattr -n ceph.file.layout.stripe_unit file
    # file: file
    ceph.file.layout.stripe_unit="4194304"
    $ getfattr -n ceph.file.layout.stripe_count file
    # file: file
    ceph.file.layout.stripe_count="1"
    $ getfattr -n ceph.file.layout.object_size file
    # file: file
    ceph.file.layout.object_size="4194304"    

.. note::

    When reading layouts, the pool will usually be indicated by name.  However, in 
    rare cases when pools have only just been created, the ID may be output instead.

Directories do not have an explicit layout until it is customized.  Attempts to read
the layout will fail if it has never been modified: this indicates that layout of the
next ancestor directory with an explicit layout will be used.

.. code-block:: bash

    $ mkdir dir
    $ getfattr -n ceph.dir.layout dir
    dir: ceph.dir.layout: No such attribute
    $ setfattr -n ceph.dir.layout.stripe_count -v 2 dir
    $ getfattr -n ceph.dir.layout dir
    # file: dir
    ceph.dir.layout="stripe_unit=4194304 stripe_count=2 object_size=4194304 pool=cephfs_data"

Getting the layout in json format. If there's no specific layout set for the
particular inode, the system traverses the directory path backwards and finds
the closest ancestor directory with a layout and returns it in json format.
A file layout also can be retrieved in json format using ``ceph.file.layout.json`` vxattr.

A virtual field named ``inheritance`` is added to the json output to show the status of layout.
The ``inheritance`` field can have the following values:

``@default`` implies the system default layout
``@set`` implies that a specific layout has been set for that particular inode
``@inherited`` implies that the returned layout has been inherited from an ancestor

.. code-block:: bash

   $ getfattr -n ceph.dir.layout.json --only-values /mnt/mycephs/accounts
   {"stripe_unit": 4194304, "stripe_count": 1, "object_size": 4194304, "pool_name": "cephfs.a.data", "pool_id": 3, "pool_namespace": "", "inheritance": "@default"}


Writing layouts with ``setfattr``
---------------------------------

Layout fields are modified using ``setfattr``:

.. code-block:: bash

    $ ceph osd lspools
    0 rbd
    1 cephfs_data
    2 cephfs_metadata

    $ setfattr -n ceph.file.layout.stripe_unit -v 1048576 file2
    $ setfattr -n ceph.file.layout.stripe_count -v 8 file2
    $ setfattr -n ceph.file.layout.object_size -v 10485760 file2
    $ setfattr -n ceph.file.layout.pool -v 1 file2  # Setting pool by ID
    $ setfattr -n ceph.file.layout.pool -v cephfs_data file2  # Setting pool by name
    $ setfattr -n ceph.file.layout.pool_id -v 1 file2  # Setting pool by ID
    $ setfattr -n ceph.file.layout.pool_name -v cephfs_data file2  # Setting pool by name

.. note::

    When the layout fields of a file are modified using ``setfattr``, this file must be empty, otherwise an error will occur.

.. code-block:: bash

    # touch an empty file
    $ touch file1
    # modify layout field successfully
    $ setfattr -n ceph.file.layout.stripe_count -v 3 file1

    # write something to file1
    $ echo "hello world" > file1
    $ setfattr -n ceph.file.layout.stripe_count -v 4 file1
    setfattr: file1: Directory not empty

File and Directory layouts can also be set using the json format.
The ``inheritance`` field is ignored when setting the layout.
Also, if both, ``pool_name`` and ``pool_id`` fields are specified, then the
``pool_name`` is given preference for better disambiguation.

.. code-block:: bash

   $ setfattr -n ceph.file.layout.json -v '{"stripe_unit": 4194304, "stripe_count": 1, "object_size": 4194304, "pool_name": "cephfs.a.data", "pool_id": 3, "pool_namespace": "", "inheritance": "@default"}' file1
    
Clearing layouts
----------------

If you wish to remove an explicit layout from a directory, to revert to
inheriting the layout of its ancestor, you can do so:

.. code-block:: bash

    setfattr -x ceph.dir.layout mydir

Similarly, if you have set the ``pool_namespace`` attribute and wish
to modify the layout to use the default namespace instead:

.. code-block:: bash

    # Create a dir and set a namespace on it
    mkdir mydir
    setfattr -n ceph.dir.layout.pool_namespace -v foons mydir
    getfattr -n ceph.dir.layout mydir
    ceph.dir.layout="stripe_unit=4194304 stripe_count=1 object_size=4194304 pool=cephfs_data_a pool_namespace=foons"

    # Clear the namespace from the directory's layout
    setfattr -x ceph.dir.layout.pool_namespace mydir
    getfattr -n ceph.dir.layout mydir
    ceph.dir.layout="stripe_unit=4194304 stripe_count=1 object_size=4194304 pool=cephfs_data_a"


Inheritance of layouts
----------------------

Files inherit the layout of their parent directory at creation time.  However, subsequent
changes to the parent directory's layout do not affect children.

.. code-block:: bash

    $ getfattr -n ceph.dir.layout dir
    # file: dir
    ceph.dir.layout="stripe_unit=4194304 stripe_count=2 object_size=4194304 pool=cephfs_data"

    # Demonstrate file1 inheriting its parent's layout
    $ touch dir/file1
    $ getfattr -n ceph.file.layout dir/file1
    # file: dir/file1
    ceph.file.layout="stripe_unit=4194304 stripe_count=2 object_size=4194304 pool=cephfs_data"

    # Now update the layout of the directory before creating a second file
    $ setfattr -n ceph.dir.layout.stripe_count -v 4 dir
    $ touch dir/file2

    # Demonstrate that file1's layout is unchanged
    $ getfattr -n ceph.file.layout dir/file1
    # file: dir/file1
    ceph.file.layout="stripe_unit=4194304 stripe_count=2 object_size=4194304 pool=cephfs_data"

    # ...while file2 has the parent directory's new layout
    $ getfattr -n ceph.file.layout dir/file2
    # file: dir/file2
    ceph.file.layout="stripe_unit=4194304 stripe_count=4 object_size=4194304 pool=cephfs_data"


Files created as descendents of the directory also inherit the layout, if the intermediate
directories do not have layouts set:

.. code-block:: bash

    $ getfattr -n ceph.dir.layout dir
    # file: dir
    ceph.dir.layout="stripe_unit=4194304 stripe_count=4 object_size=4194304 pool=cephfs_data"
    $ mkdir dir/childdir
    $ getfattr -n ceph.dir.layout dir/childdir
    dir/childdir: ceph.dir.layout: No such attribute
    $ touch dir/childdir/grandchild
    $ getfattr -n ceph.file.layout dir/childdir/grandchild
    # file: dir/childdir/grandchild
    ceph.file.layout="stripe_unit=4194304 stripe_count=4 object_size=4194304 pool=cephfs_data"


.. _adding-data-pool-to-file-system:
    
Adding a data pool to the File System 
-------------------------------------

Before you can use a pool with CephFS you have to add it to the Metadata Servers.

.. code-block:: bash

    $ ceph fs add_data_pool cephfs cephfs_data_ssd
    $ ceph fs ls  # Pool should now show up
    .... data pools: [cephfs_data cephfs_data_ssd ]

Make sure that your cephx keys allows the client to access this new pool.

You can then update the layout on a directory in CephFS to use the pool you added:

.. code-block:: bash

    $ mkdir /mnt/cephfs/myssddir
    $ setfattr -n ceph.dir.layout.pool -v cephfs_data_ssd /mnt/cephfs/myssddir

All new files created within that directory will now inherit its layout and place their data in your newly added pool. 

You may notice that object counts in your primary data pool (the one passed to ``fs new``) continue to increase, even if files are being created in the pool you added.  This is normal: the file data is stored in the pool specified by the layout, but a small amount of metadata is kept in the primary data pool for all files.