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ac20eb83fe
Remove "e.g." and replace it with "for example". Signed-off-by: Zac Dover <zac.dover@gmail.com>
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5.2 KiB
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105 lines
5.2 KiB
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========================
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Differences from POSIX
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========================
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CephFS aims to adhere to POSIX semantics wherever possible. For
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example, in contrast to many other common network file systems like
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NFS, CephFS maintains strong cache coherency across clients. The goal
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is for processes communicating via the file system to behave the same
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when they are on different hosts as when they are on the same host.
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However, there are a few places where CephFS diverges from strict
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POSIX semantics for various reasons:
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- If a client is writing to a file and fails, its writes are not
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necessarily atomic. That is, the client may call write(2) on a file
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opened with O_SYNC with an 8 MB buffer and then crash and the write
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may be only partially applied. (Almost all file systems, even local
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file systems, have this behavior.)
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- In shared simultaneous writer situations, a write that crosses
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object boundaries is not necessarily atomic. This means that you
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could have writer A write "aa|aa" and writer B write "bb|bb"
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simultaneously (where | is the object boundary), and end up with
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"aa|bb" rather than the proper "aa|aa" or "bb|bb".
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- Sparse files propagate incorrectly to the stat(2) st_blocks field.
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Because CephFS does not explicitly track which parts of a file are
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allocated/written, the st_blocks field is always populated by the
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file size divided by the block size. This will cause tools like
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du(1) to overestimate consumed space. (The recursive size field,
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maintained by CephFS, also includes file "holes" in its count.)
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- When a file is mapped into memory via mmap(2) on multiple hosts,
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writes are not coherently propagated to other clients' caches. That
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is, if a page is cached on host A, and then updated on host B, host
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A's page is not coherently invalidated. (Shared writable mmap
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appears to be quite rare--we have yet to hear any complaints about this
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behavior, and implementing cache coherency properly is complex.)
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- CephFS clients present a hidden ``.snap`` directory that is used to
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access, create, delete, and rename snapshots. Although the virtual
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directory is excluded from readdir(2), any process that tries to
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create a file or directory with the same name will get an error
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code. The name of this hidden directory can be changed at mount
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time with ``-o snapdirname=.somethingelse`` (Linux) or the config
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option ``client_snapdir`` (libcephfs, ceph-fuse).
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- CephFS does not currently maintain the ``atime`` field. Most applications
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do not care, though this impacts some backup and data tiering
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applications that can move unused data to a secondary storage system.
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You may be able to workaround this for some use cases, as CephFS does
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support setting ``atime`` via the ``setattr`` operation.
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Perspective
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-----------
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People talk a lot about "POSIX compliance," but in reality most file
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system implementations do not strictly adhere to the spec, including
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local Linux file systems like ext4 and XFS. For example, for
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performance reasons, the atomicity requirements for reads are relaxed:
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processing reading from a file that is also being written may see torn
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results.
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Similarly, NFS has extremely weak consistency semantics when multiple
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clients are interacting with the same files or directories, opting
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instead for "close-to-open". In the world of network attached
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storage, where most environments use NFS, whether or not the server's
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file system is "fully POSIX" may not be relevant, and whether client
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applications notice depends on whether data is being shared between
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clients or not. NFS may also "tear" the results of concurrent writers
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as client data may not even be flushed to the server until the file is
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closed (and more generally writes will be significantly more
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time-shifted than CephFS, leading to less predictable results).
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Regardless, these are all similar enough to POSIX, and applications still work
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most of the time. Many other storage systems (e.g., HDFS) claim to be
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"POSIX-like" but diverge significantly from the standard by dropping support
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for things like in-place file modifications, truncate, or directory renames.
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Bottom line
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-----------
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CephFS relaxes more than local Linux kernel file systems (for example, writes
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spanning object boundaries may be torn). It relaxes strictly less
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than NFS when it comes to multiclient consistency, and generally less
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than NFS when it comes to write atomicity.
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In other words, when it comes to POSIX, ::
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HDFS < NFS < CephFS < {XFS, ext4}
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fsync() and error reporting
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---------------------------
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POSIX is somewhat vague about the state of an inode after fsync reports
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an error. In general, CephFS uses the standard error-reporting
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mechanisms in the client's kernel, and therefore follows the same
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conventions as other file systems.
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In modern Linux kernels (v4.17 or later), writeback errors are reported
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once to every file description that is open at the time of the error. In
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addition, unreported errors that occurred before the file description was
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opened will also be returned on fsync.
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See `PostgreSQL's summary of fsync() error reporting across operating systems
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<https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Fsync_Errors>`_ and `Matthew Wilcox's
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presentation on Linux IO error handling
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<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=74c19hwY2oE>`_ for more information.
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