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.. _hardware-recommendations:
==========================
Hardware Recommendations
==========================
Ceph was designed to run on commodity hardware, which makes building and
maintaining petabyte-scale data clusters economically feasible.
When planning out your cluster hardware, you will need to balance a number
of considerations, including failure domains and potential performance
issues. Hardware planning should include distributing Ceph daemons and
other processes that use Ceph across many hosts. Generally, we recommend
running Ceph daemons of a specific type on a host configured for that type
of daemon. We recommend using other hosts for processes that utilize your
data cluster (e.g., OpenStack, CloudStack, etc).
.. tip:: Check out the `Ceph blog`_ too.
CPU
===
CephFS metadata servers are CPU intensive, so they should have significant
processing power (e.g., quad core or better CPUs) and benefit from higher clock
rate (frequency in GHz). Ceph OSDs run the :term:`RADOS` service, calculate
data placement with :term:`CRUSH`, replicate data, and maintain their own copy of the
cluster map. Therefore, OSD nodes should have a reasonable amount of processing
power. Requirements vary by use-case; a starting point might be one core per
OSD for light / archival usage, and two cores per OSD for heavy workloads such
as RBD volumes attached to VMs. Monitor / manager nodes do not have heavy CPU
demands so a modest processor can be chosen for them. Also consider whether the
host machine will run CPU-intensive processes in addition to Ceph daemons. For
example, if your hosts will run computing VMs (e.g., OpenStack Nova), you will
need to ensure that these other processes leave sufficient processing power for
Ceph daemons. We recommend running additional CPU-intensive processes on
separate hosts to avoid resource contention.
RAM
===
Generally, more RAM is better. Monitor / manager nodes for a modest cluster
might do fine with 64GB; for a larger cluster with hundreds of OSDs 128GB
is a reasonable target. There is a memory target for BlueStore OSDs that
defaults to 4GB. Factor in a prudent margin for the operating system and
administrative tasks (like monitoring and metrics) as well as increased
consumption during recovery: provisioning ~8GB per BlueStore OSD
is advised.
Monitors and managers (ceph-mon and ceph-mgr)
---------------------------------------------
Monitor and manager daemon memory usage generally scales with the size of the
cluster. Note that at boot-time and during topology changes and recovery these
daemons will need more RAM than they do during steady-state operation, so plan
for peak usage. For very small clusters, 32 GB suffices. For
clusters of up to, say, 300 OSDs go with 64GB. For clusters built with (or
which will grow to) even more OSDS you should provision
129GB. You may also want to consider tuning settings like ``mon_osd_cache_size``
or ``rocksdb_cache_size`` after careful research.
Metadata servers (ceph-mds)
---------------------------
The metadata daemon memory utilization depends on how much memory its cache is
configured to consume. We recommend 1 GB as a minimum for most systems. See
``mds_cache_memory``.
OSDs (ceph-osd)
---------------
Memory
======
Bluestore uses its own memory to cache data rather than relying on the
operating system page cache. In bluestore you can adjust the amount of memory
the OSD attempts to consume with the ``osd_memory_target`` configuration
option.
- Setting the osd_memory_target below 2GB is typically not recommended (it may
fail to keep the memory that low and may also cause extremely slow performance.
- Setting the memory target between 2GB and 4GB typically works but may result
in degraded performance as metadata may be read from disk during IO unless the
active data set is relatively small.
- 4GB is the current default osd_memory_target size and was set that way to try
and balance memory requirements and OSD performance for typical use cases.
- Setting the osd_memory_target higher than 4GB may improve performance when
there are many (small) objects or large (256GB/OSD or more) data sets being
processed.
.. important:: The OSD memory autotuning is "best effort". While the OSD may
unmap memory to allow the kernel to reclaim it, there is no guarantee that
the kernel will actually reclaim freed memory within any specific time
frame. This is especially true in older versions of Ceph where transparent
huge pages can prevent the kernel from reclaiming memory freed from
fragmented huge pages. Modern versions of Ceph disable transparent huge
pages at the application level to avoid this, though that still does not
guarantee that the kernel will immediately reclaim unmapped memory. The OSD
may still at times exceed it's memory target. We recommend budgeting around
20% extra memory on your system to prevent OSDs from going OOM during
temporary spikes or due to any delay in reclaiming freed pages by the
kernel. That value may be more or less than needed depending on the exact
configuration of the system.
When using the legacy FileStore backend, the page cache is used for caching
data, so no tuning is normally needed, and the OSD memory consumption is
generally related to the number of PGs per daemon in the system.
Data Storage
============
Plan your data storage configuration carefully. There are significant cost and
performance tradeoffs to consider when planning for data storage. Simultaneous
OS operations, and simultaneous request for read and write operations from
multiple daemons against a single drive can slow performance considerably.
.. important:: Since Ceph has to write all data to the journal (or WAL+DB)
before it can ACK writes, having this metadata and OSD
performance in balance is really important!
Hard Disk Drives
----------------
OSDs should have plenty of hard disk drive space for object data. We recommend a
minimum hard disk drive size of 1 terabyte. Consider the cost-per-gigabyte
advantage of larger disks. We recommend dividing the price of the hard disk
drive by the number of gigabytes to arrive at a cost per gigabyte, because
larger drives may have a significant impact on the cost-per-gigabyte. For
example, a 1 terabyte hard disk priced at $75.00 has a cost of $0.07 per
gigabyte (i.e., $75 / 1024 = 0.0732). By contrast, a 3 terabyte hard disk priced
at $150.00 has a cost of $0.05 per gigabyte (i.e., $150 / 3072 = 0.0488). In the
foregoing example, using the 1 terabyte disks would generally increase the cost
per gigabyte by 40%--rendering your cluster substantially less cost efficient.
.. tip:: Running multiple OSDs on a single SAS / SATA drive
is **NOT** a good idea. NVMe drives, however, can achieve
improved performance by being split into two more more OSDs.
.. tip:: Running an OSD and a monitor or a metadata server on a single
drive is also **NOT** a good idea.
Storage drives are subject to limitations on seek time, access time, read and
write times, as well as total throughput. These physical limitations affect
overall system performance--especially during recovery. We recommend using a
dedicated (ideally mirrored) drive for the operating system and software, and
one drive for each Ceph OSD Daemon you run on the host (modulo NVMe above).
Many "slow OSD" issues not attributable to hardware failure arise from running
an operating system, multiple OSDs, and/or multiple journals on the same drive.
Since the cost of troubleshooting performance issues on a small cluster likely
exceeds the cost of the extra disk drives, you can optimize your cluster
design planning by avoiding the temptation to overtax the OSD storage drives.
You may run multiple Ceph OSD Daemons per SAS / SATA drive, but this will likely
lead to resource contention and diminish the overall throughput. You may store a
journal and object data on the same drive, but this may increase the time it
takes to journal a write and ACK to the client. Ceph must write to the journal
before it can ACK the write.
Ceph best practices dictate that you should run operating systems, OSD data and
OSD journals on separate drives.
Solid State Drives
------------------
One opportunity for performance improvement is to use solid-state drives (SSDs)
to reduce random access time and read latency while accelerating throughput.
SSDs often cost more than 10x as much per gigabyte when compared to a hard disk
drive, but SSDs often exhibit access times that are at least 100x faster than a
hard disk drive.
SSDs do not have moving mechanical parts so they are not necessarily subject to
the same types of limitations as hard disk drives. SSDs do have significant
limitations though. When evaluating SSDs, it is important to consider the
performance of sequential reads and writes. An SSD that has 400MB/s sequential
write throughput may have much better performance than an SSD with 120MB/s of
sequential write throughput when storing multiple journals for multiple OSDs.
.. important:: We recommend exploring the use of SSDs to improve performance.
However, before making a significant investment in SSDs, we **strongly
recommend** both reviewing the performance metrics of an SSD and testing the
SSD in a test configuration to gauge performance.
Since SSDs have no moving mechanical parts, it makes sense to use them in the
areas of Ceph that do not use a lot of storage space (e.g., journals).
Relatively inexpensive SSDs may appeal to your sense of economy. Use caution.
Acceptable IOPS are not enough when selecting an SSD for use with Ceph. There
are a few important performance considerations for journals and SSDs:
- **Write-intensive semantics:** Journaling involves write-intensive semantics,
so you should ensure that the SSD you choose to deploy will perform equal to
or better than a hard disk drive when writing data. Inexpensive SSDs may
introduce write latency even as they accelerate access time, because
sometimes high performance hard drives can write as fast or faster than
some of the more economical SSDs available on the market!
- **Sequential Writes:** When you store multiple journals on an SSD you must
consider the sequential write limitations of the SSD too, since they may be
handling requests to write to multiple OSD journals simultaneously.
- **Partition Alignment:** A common problem with SSD performance is that
people like to partition drives as a best practice, but they often overlook
proper partition alignment with SSDs, which can cause SSDs to transfer data
much more slowly. Ensure that SSD partitions are properly aligned.
SSDs have historically been cost prohibitive for object storage, though
emerging QLC drives are closing the gap. HDD OSDs may see a significant
performance improvement by offloading WAL+DB onto an SSD.
One way Ceph accelerates CephFS file system performance is to segregate the
storage of CephFS metadata from the storage of the CephFS file contents. Ceph
provides a default ``metadata`` pool for CephFS metadata. You will never have to
create a pool for CephFS metadata, but you can create a CRUSH map hierarchy for
your CephFS metadata pool that points only to a host's SSD storage media. See
:ref:`CRUSH Device Class<crush-map-device-class>` for details.
Controllers
-----------
Disk controllers (HBAs) can have a significant impact on write throughput.
Carefully consider your selection to ensure that they do not create
a performance bottleneck. Notably RAID-mode (IR) HBAs may exhibit higher
latency than simpler "JBOD" (IT) mode HBAs, and the RAID SoC, write cache,
and battery backup can substantially increase hardware and maintenance
costs. Some RAID HBAs can be configured with an IT-mode "personality".
.. tip:: The `Ceph blog`_ is often an excellent source of information on Ceph
performance issues. See `Ceph Write Throughput 1`_ and `Ceph Write
Throughput 2`_ for additional details.
Additional Considerations
-------------------------
You typically will run multiple OSDs per host, but you should ensure that the
aggregate throughput of your OSD drives doesn't exceed the network bandwidth
required to service a client's need to read or write data. You should also
consider what percentage of the overall data the cluster stores on each host. If
the percentage on a particular host is large and the host fails, it can lead to
problems such as exceeding the ``full ratio``, which causes Ceph to halt
operations as a safety precaution that prevents data loss.
When you run multiple OSDs per host, you also need to ensure that the kernel
is up to date. See `OS Recommendations`_ for notes on ``glibc`` and
``syncfs(2)`` to ensure that your hardware performs as expected when running
multiple OSDs per host.
Networks
========
Provision at least 10Gbps+ networking in your racks. Replicating 1TB of data
across a 1Gbps network takes 3 hours, and 10TBs takes 30 hours! By contrast,
with a 10Gbps network, the replication times would be 20 minutes and 1 hour
respectively. In a petabyte-scale cluster, failure of an OSD drive is an
expectation, not an exception. System administrators will appreciate PGs
recovering from a ``degraded`` state to an ``active + clean`` state as rapidly
as possible, with price / performance tradeoffs taken into consideration.
Additionally, some deployment tools employ VLANs to make hardware and network
cabling more manageable. VLANs using 802.1q protocol require VLAN-capable NICs
and Switches. The added hardware expense may be offset by the operational cost
savings for network setup and maintenance. When using VLANs to handle VM
traffic between the cluster and compute stacks (e.g., OpenStack, CloudStack,
etc.), there is additional value in using 10G Ethernet or better; 40Gb or
25/50/100 Gb networking as of 2020 is common for production clusters.
Top-of-rack routers for each network also need to be able to communicate with
spine routers that have even faster throughput, often 40Gbp/s or more.
Your server hardware should have a Baseboard Management Controller (BMC).
Administration and deployment tools may also use BMCs extensively, especially
via IPMI or Redfish, so consider
the cost/benefit tradeoff of an out-of-band network for administration.
Hypervisor SSH access, VM image uploads, OS image installs, management sockets,
etc. can impose significant loads on a network. Running three networks may seem
like overkill, but each traffic path represents a potential capacity, throughput
and/or performance bottleneck that you should carefully consider before
deploying a large scale data cluster.
Failure Domains
===============
A failure domain is any failure that prevents access to one or more OSDs. That
could be a stopped daemon on a host; a hard disk failure, an OS crash, a
malfunctioning NIC, a failed power supply, a network outage, a power outage, and
so forth. When planning out your hardware needs, you must balance the
temptation to reduce costs by placing too many responsibilities into too few
failure domains, and the added costs of isolating every potential failure
domain.
Minimum Hardware Recommendations
================================
Ceph can run on inexpensive commodity hardware. Small production clusters
and development clusters can run successfully with modest hardware.
+--------------+----------------+-----------------------------------------+
| Process | Criteria | Minimum Recommended |
+==============+================+=========================================+
| ``ceph-osd`` | Processor | - 1 core minimum |
| | | - 1 core per 200-500 MB/s |
| | | - 1 core per 1000-3000 IOPS |
| | | |
| | | * Results are before replication. |
| | | * Results may vary with different |
| | | CPU models and Ceph features. |
| | | (erasure coding, compression, etc) |
| | | * ARM processors specifically may |
| | | require additional cores. |
| | | * Actual performance depends on many |
| | | factors including drives, net, and |
| | | client throughput and latency. |
| | | Benchmarking is highly recommended. |
| +----------------+-----------------------------------------+
| | RAM | - 4GB+ per daemon (more is better) |
| | | - 2-4GB often functions (may be slow) |
| | | - Less than 2GB not recommended |
| +----------------+-----------------------------------------+
| | Volume Storage | 1x storage drive per daemon |
| +----------------+-----------------------------------------+
| | DB/WAL | 1x SSD partition per daemon (optional) |
| +----------------+-----------------------------------------+
| | Network | 1x 1GbE+ NICs (10GbE+ recommended) |
+--------------+----------------+-----------------------------------------+
| ``ceph-mon`` | Processor | - 2 cores minimum |
| +----------------+-----------------------------------------+
| | RAM | 24GB+ per daemon |
| +----------------+-----------------------------------------+
| | Disk Space | 60 GB per daemon |
| +----------------+-----------------------------------------+
| | Network | 1x 1GbE+ NICs |
+--------------+----------------+-----------------------------------------+
| ``ceph-mds`` | Processor | - 2 cores minimum |
| +----------------+-----------------------------------------+
| | RAM | 2GB+ per daemon |
| +----------------+-----------------------------------------+
| | Disk Space | 1 MB per daemon |
| +----------------+-----------------------------------------+
| | Network | 1x 1GbE+ NICs |
+--------------+----------------+-----------------------------------------+
.. tip:: If you are running an OSD with a single disk, create a
partition for your volume storage that is separate from the partition
containing the OS. Generally, we recommend separate disks for the
OS and the volume storage.
.. _Ceph blog: https://ceph.com/community/blog/
.. _Ceph Write Throughput 1: http://ceph.com/community/ceph-performance-part-1-disk-controller-write-throughput/
.. _Ceph Write Throughput 2: http://ceph.com/community/ceph-performance-part-2-write-throughput-without-ssd-journals/
.. _Mapping Pools to Different Types of OSDs: ../../rados/operations/crush-map#placing-different-pools-on-different-osds
.. _OS Recommendations: ../os-recommendations
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