btrfs-progs/tests/fsstress.c

// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
 * Copyright (c) 2000-2002 Silicon Graphics, Inc.
 * All Rights Reserved.
 */

/*
 * Copied from fstests/ltp/fsstress.c, modified to make it compile without XFS
 * features and headers but with some compile-time stubs.
 */

#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <setjmp.h>
#include <sys/uio.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <sys/param.h>
#include <malloc.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <dirent.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <getopt.h>
#include "common/internal.h"

#define AIO
#define URING

#ifdef HAVE_BTRFSUTIL_H
#include <btrfsutil.h>
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_LINUX_FIEMAP_H
#include <linux/fiemap.h>
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_SYS_PRCTL_H
#include <sys/prctl.h>
#endif
#ifdef AIO
#include <libaio.h>
#define AIO_ENTRIES	1
io_context_t	io_ctx;
#endif
#ifdef URING
#include <liburing.h>
#define URING_ENTRIES	1
struct io_uring	ring;
bool have_io_uring;			/* to indicate runtime availability */
#endif
#include <sys/syscall.h>
#include <sys/xattr.h>

#ifndef FS_IOC_GETFLAGS
#define FS_IOC_GETFLAGS                 _IOR('f', 1, long)
#endif
#ifndef FS_IOC_SETFLAGS
#define FS_IOC_SETFLAGS                 _IOW('f', 2, long)
#endif

#define XFS_IOC_FSGETXATTR	FS_IOC_FSGETXATTR
#define XFS_IOC_FSSETXATTR	FS_IOC_FSSETXATTR

#define	XFS_XFLAG_REALTIME	FS_XFLAG_REALTIME

#define XFS_IOC_FSGEOMETRY           _IOR('X', 126, struct xfs_fsop_geom)
struct xfs_fsop_geom {
	__u32		blocksize;	/* filesystem (data) block size */
	__u32		rtextsize;	/* realtime extent size		*/
	__u32		agblocks;	/* fsblocks in an AG		*/
	__u32		agcount;	/* number of allocation groups	*/
	__u32		logblocks;	/* fsblocks in the log		*/
	__u32		sectsize;	/* (data) sector size, bytes	*/
	__u32		inodesize;	/* inode size in bytes		*/
	__u32		imaxpct;	/* max allowed inode space(%)	*/
	__u64		datablocks;	/* fsblocks in data subvolume	*/
	__u64		rtblocks;	/* fsblocks in realtime subvol	*/
	__u64		rtextents;	/* rt extents in realtime subvol*/
	__u64		logstart;	/* starting fsblock of the log	*/
	unsigned char	uuid[16];	/* unique id of the filesystem	*/
	__u32		sunit;		/* stripe unit, fsblocks	*/
	__u32		swidth;		/* stripe width, fsblocks	*/
	__s32		version;	/* structure version		*/
	__u32		flags;		/* superblock version flags	*/
	__u32		logsectsize;	/* log sector size, bytes	*/
	__u32		rtsectsize;	/* realtime sector size, bytes	*/
	__u32		dirblocksize;	/* directory block size, bytes	*/
	__u32		logsunit;	/* log stripe unit, bytes	*/
	uint32_t	sick;		/* o: unhealthy fs & rt metadata */
	uint32_t	checked;	/* o: checked fs & rt metadata	*/
	__u64		reserved[17];	/* reserved space		*/
};

#define XFS_IOC_ERROR_INJECTION	     _IOW('X', 116, struct xfs_error_injection)
#define XFS_IOC_ERROR_CLEARALL	     _IOW('X', 117, struct xfs_error_injection)
typedef struct xfs_error_injection {
	__s32		fd;
	__s32		errtag;
} xfs_error_injection_t;

#define XFS_IOC_DIOINFO		_IOR ('X', 30, struct dioattr)
struct dioattr {
	__u32		d_mem;		/* data buffer memory alignment */
	__u32		d_miniosz;	/* min xfer size		*/
	__u32		d_maxiosz;	/* max xfer size		*/
};

#define XFS_IOC_FSBULKSTAT	     _IOWR('X', 101, struct xfs_fsop_bulkreq)
#define XFS_IOC_FSBULKSTAT_SINGLE    _IOWR('X', 102, struct xfs_fsop_bulkreq)
typedef struct xfs_bstime {
	__kernel_long_t tv_sec;		/* seconds		*/
	__s32		tv_nsec;	/* and nanoseconds	*/
} xfs_bstime_t;

struct xfs_bstat {
	__u64		bs_ino;		/* inode number			*/
	__u16		bs_mode;	/* type and mode		*/
	__u16		bs_nlink;	/* number of links		*/
	__u32		bs_uid;		/* user id			*/
	__u32		bs_gid;		/* group id			*/
	__u32		bs_rdev;	/* device value			*/
	__s32		bs_blksize;	/* block size			*/
	__s64		bs_size;	/* file size			*/
	xfs_bstime_t	bs_atime;	/* access time			*/
	xfs_bstime_t	bs_mtime;	/* modify time			*/
	xfs_bstime_t	bs_ctime;	/* inode change time		*/
	int64_t		bs_blocks;	/* number of blocks		*/
	__u32		bs_xflags;	/* extended flags		*/
	__s32		bs_extsize;	/* extent size			*/
	__s32		bs_extents;	/* number of extents		*/
	__u32		bs_gen;		/* generation count		*/
	__u16		bs_projid_lo;	/* lower part of project id	*/
#define	bs_projid	bs_projid_lo	/* (previously just bs_projid)	*/
	__u16		bs_forkoff;	/* inode fork offset in bytes	*/
	__u16		bs_projid_hi;	/* higher part of project id	*/
	uint16_t	bs_sick;	/* sick inode metadata		*/
	uint16_t	bs_checked;	/* checked inode metadata	*/
	unsigned char	bs_pad[2];	/* pad space, unused		*/
	__u32		bs_cowextsize;	/* cow extent size		*/
	__u32		bs_dmevmask;	/* DMIG event mask		*/
	__u16		bs_dmstate;	/* DMIG state info		*/
	__u16		bs_aextents;	/* attribute number of extents	*/
};

struct xfs_fsop_bulkreq {
	__u64		*lastip;	/* last inode # pointer		*/
	__s32		icount;		/* count of entries in buffer	*/
	void		*ubuffer;/* user buffer for inode desc.	*/
	__s32		*ocount;	/* output count pointer		*/
};

#define XFS_IOC_RESVSP64	_IOW('X', 42, struct xfs_flock64)
#define XFS_IOC_UNRESVSP64	_IOW('X', 43, struct xfs_flock64)
typedef struct xfs_flock64 {
	__s16		l_type;
	__s16		l_whence;
	__s64		l_start;
	__s64		l_len;		/* len == 0 means until end of file */
	__s32		l_sysid;
	__u32		l_pid;
	__s32		l_pad[4];	/* reserve area			    */
} xfs_flock64_t;

#include <math.h>
#define XFS_ERRTAG_MAX		17
#define XFS_IDMODULO_MAX	31	/* user/group IDs (1 << x)  */
#define XFS_PROJIDMODULO_MAX	16	/* project IDs (1 << x)     */
#ifndef IOV_MAX
#define IOV_MAX 1024
#endif

#ifndef HAVE_RENAMEAT2
#if !defined(SYS_renameat2) && defined(__x86_64__)
#define SYS_renameat2 316
#endif

#if !defined(SYS_renameat2) && defined(__i386__)
#define SYS_renameat2 353
#endif

static inline int xfsctl(const char *path, int fd, int cmd, void *p)
{
	return ioctl(fd, cmd, p);
}


#if 0
static int renameat2(int dfd1, const char *path1,
		     int dfd2, const char *path2,
		     unsigned int flags)
{
#ifdef SYS_renameat2
	return syscall(SYS_renameat2, dfd1, path1, dfd2, path2, flags);
#else
	errno = ENOSYS;
	return -1;
#endif
}
#endif
#endif

static inline unsigned long long
rounddown_64(unsigned long long x, unsigned int y)
{
	x /= y;
	return x * y;
}

static inline unsigned long long
roundup_64(unsigned long long x, unsigned int y)
{
	return rounddown_64(x + y - 1, y);
}

#ifndef RENAME_NOREPLACE
#define RENAME_NOREPLACE	(1 << 0)	/* Don't overwrite target */
#endif
#ifndef RENAME_EXCHANGE
#define RENAME_EXCHANGE		(1 << 1)	/* Exchange source and dest */
#endif
#ifndef RENAME_WHITEOUT
#define RENAME_WHITEOUT		(1 << 2)	/* Whiteout source */
#endif

#define FILELEN_MAX		(32*4096)

typedef enum {
	OP_AFSYNC,
	OP_AREAD,
	OP_ATTR_REMOVE,
	OP_ATTR_SET,
	OP_AWRITE,
	OP_BULKSTAT,
	OP_BULKSTAT1,
	OP_CHOWN,
	OP_CLONERANGE,
	OP_COPYRANGE,
	OP_CREAT,
	OP_DEDUPERANGE,
	OP_DREAD,
	OP_DWRITE,
	OP_FALLOCATE,
	OP_FDATASYNC,
	OP_FIEMAP,
	OP_FSYNC,
	OP_GETATTR,
	OP_GETDENTS,
	OP_GETFATTR,
	OP_LINK,
	OP_LISTFATTR,
	OP_MKDIR,
	OP_MKNOD,
	OP_MREAD,
	OP_MWRITE,
	OP_PUNCH,
	OP_ZERO,
	OP_COLLAPSE,
	OP_INSERT,
	OP_READ,
	OP_READLINK,
	OP_READV,
	OP_REMOVEFATTR,
	OP_RENAME,
	OP_RNOREPLACE,
	OP_REXCHANGE,
	OP_RWHITEOUT,
	OP_RESVSP,
	OP_RMDIR,
	OP_SETATTR,
	OP_SETFATTR,
	OP_SETXATTR,
	OP_SNAPSHOT,
	OP_SPLICE,
	OP_STAT,
	OP_SUBVOL_CREATE,
	OP_SUBVOL_DELETE,
	OP_SYMLINK,
	OP_SYNC,
	OP_TRUNCATE,
	OP_UNLINK,
	OP_UNRESVSP,
	OP_URING_READ,
	OP_URING_WRITE,
	OP_WRITE,
	OP_WRITEV,
	OP_XCHGRANGE,
	OP_LAST
} opty_t;

typedef long long opnum_t;

typedef void (*opfnc_t)(opnum_t, long);

typedef struct opdesc {
	char	*name;
	opfnc_t	func;
	int	freq;
	int	iswrite;
} opdesc_t;

typedef struct fent {
	int	id;
	int	ft;
	int	parent;
	int	xattr_counter;
} fent_t;

typedef struct flist {
	int	nfiles;
	int	nslots;
	int	tag;
	fent_t	*fents;
} flist_t;

typedef struct pathname {
	int	len;
	char	*path;
} pathname_t;

struct print_flags {
	unsigned long mask;
	const char *name;
};

struct print_string {
	char *buffer;
	int len;
	int max;
};

#define	FT_DIR		0
#define	FT_DIRm		(1 << FT_DIR)
#define	FT_REG		1
#define	FT_REGm		(1 << FT_REG)
#define	FT_SYM		2
#define	FT_SYMm		(1 << FT_SYM)
#define	FT_DEV		3
#define	FT_DEVm		(1 << FT_DEV)
#define	FT_RTF		4
#define	FT_RTFm		(1 << FT_RTF)
#define	FT_SUBVOL	5
#define	FT_SUBVOLm	(1 << FT_SUBVOL)
#define	FT_nft		6
#define	FT_ANYm		((1 << FT_nft) - 1)
#define	FT_REGFILE	(FT_REGm | FT_RTFm)
#define	FT_NOTDIR	(FT_ANYm & (~FT_DIRm & ~FT_SUBVOLm))
#define	FT_ANYDIR	(FT_DIRm | FT_SUBVOLm)

#define	FLIST_SLOT_INCR	16
#define	NDCACHE	64

#define	MAXFSIZE	((1ULL << 63) - 1ULL)
#define	MAXFSIZE32	((1ULL << 40) - 1ULL)

#define XATTR_NAME_BUF_SIZE 18

void	afsync_f(opnum_t, long);
void	aread_f(opnum_t, long);
void	attr_remove_f(opnum_t, long);
void	attr_set_f(opnum_t, long);
void	awrite_f(opnum_t, long);
void	bulkstat_f(opnum_t, long);
void	bulkstat1_f(opnum_t, long);
void	chown_f(opnum_t, long);
void	clonerange_f(opnum_t, long);
void	copyrange_f(opnum_t, long);
void	creat_f(opnum_t, long);
void	deduperange_f(opnum_t, long);
void	dread_f(opnum_t, long);
void	dwrite_f(opnum_t, long);
void	fallocate_f(opnum_t, long);
void	fdatasync_f(opnum_t, long);
void	fiemap_f(opnum_t, long);
void	fsync_f(opnum_t, long);
char	*gen_random_string(int);
void	getattr_f(opnum_t, long);
void	getdents_f(opnum_t, long);
void	getfattr_f(opnum_t, long);
void	link_f(opnum_t, long);
void	listfattr_f(opnum_t, long);
void	mkdir_f(opnum_t, long);
void	mknod_f(opnum_t, long);
void	mread_f(opnum_t, long);
void	mwrite_f(opnum_t, long);
void	punch_f(opnum_t, long);
void	zero_f(opnum_t, long);
void	collapse_f(opnum_t, long);
void	insert_f(opnum_t, long);
void	read_f(opnum_t, long);
void	readlink_f(opnum_t, long);
void	readv_f(opnum_t, long);
void	removefattr_f(opnum_t, long);
void	rename_f(opnum_t, long);
void	rnoreplace_f(opnum_t, long);
void	rexchange_f(opnum_t, long);
void	rwhiteout_f(opnum_t, long);
void	resvsp_f(opnum_t, long);
void	rmdir_f(opnum_t, long);
void	setattr_f(opnum_t, long);
void	setfattr_f(opnum_t, long);
void	setxattr_f(opnum_t, long);
void	snapshot_f(opnum_t, long);
void	splice_f(opnum_t, long);
void	stat_f(opnum_t, long);
void	subvol_create_f(opnum_t, long);
void	subvol_delete_f(opnum_t, long);
void	symlink_f(opnum_t, long);
void	sync_f(opnum_t, long);
void	truncate_f(opnum_t, long);
void	unlink_f(opnum_t, long);
void	unresvsp_f(opnum_t, long);
void	uring_read_f(opnum_t, long);
void	uring_write_f(opnum_t, long);
void	write_f(opnum_t, long);
void	writev_f(opnum_t, long);
void	xchgrange_f(opnum_t, long);

char	*xattr_flag_to_string(int);

struct opdesc	ops[OP_LAST]	= {
     /* [OP_ENUM]	   = {"name",	       function,	freq, iswrite }, */
	[OP_AFSYNC]	   = {"afsync",	       afsync_f,	0, 1 },
	[OP_AREAD]	   = {"aread",	       aread_f,		1, 0 },
	[OP_ATTR_REMOVE]   = {"attr_remove",   attr_remove_f,	0, 1 },
	[OP_ATTR_SET]	   = {"attr_set",      attr_set_f,	0, 1 },
	[OP_AWRITE]	   = {"awrite",	       awrite_f,	1, 1 },
	[OP_BULKSTAT]	   = {"bulkstat",      bulkstat_f,	1, 0 },
	[OP_BULKSTAT1]	   = {"bulkstat1",     bulkstat1_f,	1, 0 },
	[OP_CHOWN]	   = {"chown",	       chown_f,		3, 1 },
	[OP_CLONERANGE]	   = {"clonerange",    clonerange_f,	4, 1 },
	[OP_COPYRANGE]	   = {"copyrange",     copyrange_f,	4, 1 },
	[OP_CREAT]	   = {"creat",	       creat_f,		4, 1 },
	[OP_DEDUPERANGE]   = {"deduperange",   deduperange_f,	4, 1 },
	[OP_DREAD]	   = {"dread",	       dread_f,		4, 0 },
	[OP_DWRITE]	   = {"dwrite",	       dwrite_f,	4, 1 },
	[OP_FALLOCATE]	   = {"fallocate",     fallocate_f,	1, 1 },
	[OP_FDATASYNC]	   = {"fdatasync",     fdatasync_f,	1, 1 },
	[OP_FIEMAP]	   = {"fiemap",	       fiemap_f,	1, 1 },
	[OP_FSYNC]	   = {"fsync",	       fsync_f,		1, 1 },
	[OP_GETATTR]	   = {"getattr",       getattr_f,	1, 0 },
	[OP_GETDENTS]	   = {"getdents",      getdents_f,	1, 0 },
	/* get extended attribute */
	[OP_GETFATTR]	   = {"getfattr",      getfattr_f,	1, 0 },
	[OP_LINK]	   = {"link",	       link_f,		1, 1 },
	/* list extent attributes */
	[OP_LISTFATTR]	   = {"listfattr",     listfattr_f,	1, 0 },
	[OP_MKDIR]	   = {"mkdir",	       mkdir_f,		2, 1 },
	[OP_MKNOD]	   = {"mknod",	       mknod_f,		2, 1 },
	[OP_MREAD]	   = {"mread",	       mread_f,		2, 0 },
	[OP_MWRITE]	   = {"mwrite",	       mwrite_f,	2, 1 },
	[OP_PUNCH]	   = {"punch",	       punch_f,		1, 1 },
	[OP_ZERO]	   = {"zero",	       zero_f,		1, 1 },
	[OP_COLLAPSE]	   = {"collapse",      collapse_f,	1, 1 },
	[OP_INSERT]	   = {"insert",	       insert_f,	1, 1 },
	[OP_READ]	   = {"read",	       read_f,		1, 0 },
	[OP_READLINK]	   = {"readlink",      readlink_f,	1, 0 },
	[OP_READV]	   = {"readv",	       readv_f,		1, 0 },
	/* remove (delete) extended attribute */
	[OP_REMOVEFATTR]   = {"removefattr",   removefattr_f,	1, 1 },
	[OP_RENAME]	   = {"rename",	       rename_f,	2, 1 },
	[OP_RNOREPLACE]	   = {"rnoreplace",    rnoreplace_f,	2, 1 },
	[OP_REXCHANGE]	   = {"rexchange",     rexchange_f,	2, 1 },
	[OP_RWHITEOUT]	   = {"rwhiteout",     rwhiteout_f,	2, 1 },
	[OP_RESVSP]	   = {"resvsp",	       resvsp_f,	1, 1 },
	[OP_RMDIR]	   = {"rmdir",	       rmdir_f,		1, 1 },
	/* set attribute flag (FS_IOC_SETFLAGS ioctl) */
	[OP_SETATTR]	   = {"setattr",       setattr_f,	0, 1 },
	/* set extended attribute */
	[OP_SETFATTR]	   = {"setfattr",      setfattr_f,	2, 1 },
	/* set project id (XFS_IOC_FSSETXATTR ioctl) */
	[OP_SETXATTR]	   = {"setxattr",      setxattr_f,	1, 1 },
	[OP_SNAPSHOT]	   = {"snapshot",      snapshot_f,	1, 1 },
	[OP_SPLICE]	   = {"splice",	       splice_f,	1, 1 },
	[OP_STAT]	   = {"stat",	       stat_f,		1, 0 },
	[OP_SUBVOL_CREATE] = {"subvol_create", subvol_create_f,	1, 1 },
	[OP_SUBVOL_DELETE] = {"subvol_delete", subvol_delete_f,	1, 1 },
	[OP_SYMLINK]	   = {"symlink",       symlink_f,	2, 1 },
	[OP_SYNC]	   = {"sync",	       sync_f,		1, 1 },
	[OP_TRUNCATE]	   = {"truncate",      truncate_f,	2, 1 },
	[OP_UNLINK]	   = {"unlink",	       unlink_f,	1, 1 },
	[OP_UNRESVSP]	   = {"unresvsp",      unresvsp_f,	1, 1 },
	[OP_URING_READ]	   = {"uring_read",    uring_read_f,	1, 0 },
	[OP_URING_WRITE]   = {"uring_write",   uring_write_f,	1, 1 },
	[OP_WRITE]	   = {"write",	       write_f,		4, 1 },
	[OP_WRITEV]	   = {"writev",	       writev_f,	4, 1 },
	[OP_XCHGRANGE]	   = {"xchgrange",     xchgrange_f,	2, 1 },
}, *ops_end;

flist_t	flist[FT_nft] = {
	{ 0, 0, 'd', NULL },
	{ 0, 0, 'f', NULL },
	{ 0, 0, 'l', NULL },
	{ 0, 0, 'c', NULL },
	{ 0, 0, 'r', NULL },
	{ 0, 0, 's', NULL },
};

int		dcache[NDCACHE];
int		errrange;
int		errtag;
opty_t		*freq_table;
int		freq_table_size;
struct xfs_fsop_geom	geom;
char		*homedir;
int		*ilist;
int		ilistlen;
off64_t		maxfsize;
char		*myprog;
int		namerand;
int		nameseq;
int		nops;
int		nproc = 1;
opnum_t		operations = 1;
unsigned int	idmodulo = XFS_IDMODULO_MAX;
unsigned int	attr_mask = ~0;
int		procid;
int		rtpct;
unsigned long	seed = 0;
ino_t		top_ino;
int		cleanup = 0;
int		verbose = 0;
int		verifiable_log = 0;
sig_atomic_t	should_stop = 0;
sigjmp_buf	*sigbus_jmp = NULL;
char		*execute_cmd = NULL;
int		execute_freq = 1;
struct print_string	flag_str = {0};

struct timespec deadline = { 0 };

void	add_to_flist(int, int, int, int);
void	append_pathname(pathname_t *, char *);
int	attr_list_path(pathname_t *, char *, const int);
int	attr_remove_path(pathname_t *, const char *);
int	attr_set_path(pathname_t *, const char *, const char *, const int);
void	check_cwd(void);
void	cleanup_flist(void);
int	creat_path(pathname_t *, mode_t);
void	dcache_enter(int, int);
void	dcache_init(void);
fent_t	*dcache_lookup(int);
void	dcache_purge(int, int);
void	del_from_flist(int, int);
int	dirid_to_name(char *, int);
void	doproc(void);
int	fent_to_name(pathname_t *, fent_t *);
bool	fents_ancestor_check(fent_t *, fent_t *);
void	fix_parent(int, int, bool);
void	free_pathname(pathname_t *);
int	generate_fname(fent_t *, int, pathname_t *, int *, int *);
int	generate_xattr_name(int, char *, int);
int	get_fname(int, long, pathname_t *, flist_t **, fent_t **, int *);
void	init_pathname(pathname_t *);
int	lchown_path(pathname_t *, uid_t, gid_t);
int	link_path(pathname_t *, pathname_t *);
int	lstat64_path(pathname_t *, struct stat64 *);
void	make_freq_table(void);
int	mkdir_path(pathname_t *, mode_t);
int	mknod_path(pathname_t *, mode_t, dev_t);
void	namerandpad(int, char *, int);
int	open_file_or_dir(pathname_t *, int);
int	open_path(pathname_t *, int);
DIR	*opendir_path(pathname_t *);
void	process_freq(char *);
int	readlink_path(pathname_t *, char *, size_t);
int	rename_path(pathname_t *, pathname_t *, int);
int	rmdir_path(pathname_t *);
void	separate_pathname(pathname_t *, char *, pathname_t *);
void	show_ops(int, char *);
int	stat64_path(pathname_t *, struct stat64 *);
int	symlink_path(const char *, pathname_t *);
int	truncate64_path(pathname_t *, off64_t);
int	unlink_path(pathname_t *);
void	usage(void);
void	read_freq(void);
void	write_freq(void);
void	zero_freq(void);
void	non_btrfs_freq(const char *);

static void sg_handler(int signum)
{
	switch (signum) {
	case SIGTERM:
		should_stop = 1;
		break;
	case SIGBUS:
		/*
		 * Only handle SIGBUS when mmap write to a hole and no
		 * block can be allocated due to ENOSPC, abort otherwise.
		 */
		if (sigbus_jmp) {
			siglongjmp(*sigbus_jmp, -1);
		} else {
			printf("Unknown SIGBUS is caught, Abort!\n");
			abort();
		}
		/* should not reach here */
		break;
	default:
		break;
	}
}

static bool
keep_looping(int i, int loops)
{
	int ret;

	if (deadline.tv_nsec) {
		struct timespec now;

		ret = clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &now);
		if (ret) {
			perror("CLOCK_MONOTONIC");
			return false;
		}

		return now.tv_sec <= deadline.tv_sec;
	}

	if (!loops)
		return true;

	return i < loops;
}

static struct option longopts[] = {
	{"duration", optional_argument, 0, 256},
	{ }
};

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
	char		buf[10];
	int		c;
	char		*dirname = NULL;
	char		*logname = NULL;
	char		rpath[PATH_MAX];
	int		fd;
	int		i;
	int		j;
	char		*p;
	int		stat;
	struct timeval	t;
	ptrdiff_t	srval;
	int             nousage = 0;
	xfs_error_injection_t	        err_inj;
	struct sigaction action;
	int		loops = 1;
	const char	*allopts = "cd:e:f:i:l:m:M:n:o:p:rRs:S:vVwx:X:zH";
	long long	duration;

	errrange = errtag = 0;
	umask(0);
	nops = sizeof(ops) / sizeof(ops[0]);
	ops_end = &ops[nops];
	myprog = argv[0];
	while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, allopts, longopts, NULL)) != -1) {
		switch (c) {
		case 'c':
			cleanup = 1;
			break;
		case 'd':
			dirname = optarg;
			break;
		case 'e':
			sscanf(optarg, "%d", &errtag);
			if (errtag < 0) {
				errtag = -errtag;
				errrange = 1;
			} else if (errtag == 0)
				errtag = -1;
			if (errtag >= XFS_ERRTAG_MAX) {
				fprintf(stderr,
					"error tag %d too large (max %d)\n",
					errtag, XFS_ERRTAG_MAX - 1);
				exit(1);
			}
			break;
		case 'f':
			process_freq(optarg);
			break;
		case 'i':
			ilist = realloc(ilist, ++ilistlen * sizeof(*ilist));
			ilist[ilistlen - 1] = strtol(optarg, &p, 16);
			break;
		case 'm':
			idmodulo = strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0);
			if (idmodulo > XFS_IDMODULO_MAX) {
				fprintf(stderr,
					"chown modulo %d too big (max %d)\n",
					idmodulo, XFS_IDMODULO_MAX);
				exit(1);
			}
			break;
		case 'l':
			loops = atoi(optarg);
			break;
		case 'n':
			errno = 0;
			operations = strtoll(optarg, NULL, 0);
			if (errno) {
				perror(optarg);
				exit(1);
			}
			break;
		case 'o':
			logname = optarg;
			break;

		case 'p':
			nproc = atoi(optarg);
			break;
		case 'r':
			namerand = 1;
			break;
		case 'R':
			read_freq();
			break;
		case 's':
			seed = strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0);
			break;
		case 'v':
			verbose = 1;
			break;
		case 'w':
			write_freq();
			break;
		case 'x':
			execute_cmd = optarg;
			break;
		case 'z':
			zero_freq();
			break;
		case 'M':
		  	attr_mask = strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0);
			break;
		case 'S':
			i = 0;
			if (optarg[0] == 'c')
				i = 1;
			show_ops(i, NULL);
			printf("\n");
                        nousage=1;
			break;
		case 'V':
			verifiable_log = 1;
			break;

		case 'X':
			execute_freq = strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0);
			break;
		case 256:  /* --duration */
			if (!optarg) {
				fprintf(stderr, "Specify time with --duration=\n");
				exit(87);
			}
			duration = strtoll(optarg, NULL, 0);
			if (duration < 1) {
				fprintf(stderr, "%lld: invalid duration\n", duration);
				exit(88);
			}

			i = clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &deadline);
			if (i) {
				perror("CLOCK_MONOTONIC");
				exit(89);
			}

			deadline.tv_sec += duration;
			deadline.tv_nsec = 1;
			break;
		case '?':
			fprintf(stderr, "%s - invalid parameters\n",
				myprog);
			/* fall through */
		case 'H':
			usage();
			exit(1);
		}
	}

        if (!dirname) {
            /* no directory specified */
            if (!nousage) usage();
            exit(1);
        }

	non_btrfs_freq(dirname);
	(void)mkdir(dirname, 0777);
	if (logname && logname[0] != '/') {
		if (!getcwd(rpath, sizeof(rpath))){
			perror("getcwd failed");
			exit(1);
		}
	} else {
		rpath[0] = '\0';
	}
	if (chdir(dirname) < 0) {
		perror(dirname);
		exit(1);
	}
	if (logname) {
		char path[PATH_MAX + NAME_MAX + 1];
		snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "%s/%s", rpath, logname);
		if (freopen(path, "a", stdout) == NULL) {
			perror("freopen logfile failed");
			exit(1);
		}
	}
	sprintf(buf, "fss%x", (unsigned int)getpid());
	fd = creat(buf, 0666);
	if (lseek64(fd, (off64_t)(MAXFSIZE32 + 1ULL), SEEK_SET) < 0)
		maxfsize = (off64_t)MAXFSIZE32;
	else
		maxfsize = (off64_t)MAXFSIZE;
	make_freq_table();
	dcache_init();
	setlinebuf(stdout);
	if (!seed) {
		gettimeofday(&t, (void *)NULL);
		seed = (int)t.tv_sec ^ (int)t.tv_usec;
		printf("seed = %ld\n", seed);
	}
	i = xfsctl(buf, fd, XFS_IOC_FSGEOMETRY, &geom);
	if (i >= 0 && geom.rtblocks)
		rtpct = MIN(MAX(geom.rtblocks * 100 /
				(geom.rtblocks + geom.datablocks), 1), 99);
	else
		rtpct = 0;
	if (errtag != 0) {
		if (errrange == 0) {
			if (errtag <= 0) {
				srandom(seed);
				j = random() % 100;

				for (i = 0; i < j; i++)
					(void) random();

				errtag = (random() % (XFS_ERRTAG_MAX-1)) + 1;
			}
		} else {
			srandom(seed);
			j = random() % 100;

			for (i = 0; i < j; i++)
				(void) random();

			errtag += (random() % (XFS_ERRTAG_MAX - errtag));
		}
		printf("Injecting failure on tag #%d\n", errtag);
		err_inj.errtag = errtag;
		err_inj.fd = fd;
		srval = xfsctl(buf, fd, XFS_IOC_ERROR_INJECTION, &err_inj);
		if (srval < -1) {
			perror("fsstress - XFS_SYSSGI error injection call");
			close(fd);
			unlink(buf);
			exit(1);
		}
	} else
		close(fd);

	setpgid(0, 0);
	action.sa_handler = sg_handler;
	sigemptyset(&action.sa_mask);
	action.sa_flags = 0;
	if (sigaction(SIGTERM, &action, 0)) {
		perror("sigaction failed");
		exit(1);
	}

	for (i = 0; i < nproc; i++) {
		if (fork() == 0) {
			sigemptyset(&action.sa_mask);
			action.sa_handler = SIG_DFL;
			if (sigaction(SIGTERM, &action, 0))
				return 1;
			action.sa_handler = sg_handler;
			if (sigaction(SIGBUS, &action, 0))
				return 1;
#ifdef HAVE_SYS_PRCTL_H
			prctl(PR_SET_PDEATHSIG, SIGKILL);
			if (getppid() == 1) /* parent died already? */
				return 0;
#endif
			if (logname) {
				char path[PATH_MAX + NAME_MAX + 2 + 11];
				snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "%s/%s.%d",
					 rpath, logname, i);
				if (freopen(path, "a", stdout) == NULL) {
					perror("freopen logfile failed");
					exit(1);
				}
			}
			procid = i;
#ifdef AIO
			if (io_setup(AIO_ENTRIES, &io_ctx) != 0) {
				fprintf(stderr, "io_setup failed\n");
				exit(1);
			}
#endif
#ifdef URING
			have_io_uring = true;
			/* If ENOSYS, just ignore uring, other errors are fatal. */
			if (io_uring_queue_init(URING_ENTRIES, &ring, 0)) {
				if (errno == ENOSYS) {
					have_io_uring = false;
				} else {
					fprintf(stderr, "io_uring_queue_init failed\n");
					exit(1);
				}
			}
#endif
			for (i = 0; keep_looping(i, loops); i++)
				doproc();
#ifdef AIO
			if(io_destroy(io_ctx) != 0) {
				fprintf(stderr, "io_destroy failed");
				return 1;
			}
#endif
#ifdef URING
			if (have_io_uring)
				io_uring_queue_exit(&ring);
#endif
			cleanup_flist();
			free(freq_table);
			return 0;
		}
	}
	while (wait(&stat) > 0 && !should_stop) {
		continue;
	}
	action.sa_flags = SA_RESTART;
	sigaction(SIGTERM, &action, 0);
	kill(-getpid(), SIGTERM);
	while (wait(&stat) > 0)
		continue;

	if (errtag != 0) {
		err_inj.errtag = 0;
		err_inj.fd = fd;
		srval = xfsctl(buf, fd, XFS_IOC_ERROR_CLEARALL, &err_inj);
		if (srval != 0) {
			fprintf(stderr, "Bad ej clear on %s fd=%d (%d).\n",
				buf, fd, errno);
			perror("xfsctl(XFS_IOC_ERROR_CLEARALL)");
			close(fd);
			exit(1);
		}
		close(fd);
	}

	free(freq_table);
	unlink(buf);
	return 0;
}

static int
add_string(struct print_string *str, const char *add)
{
	int len = strlen(add);

	if (len <= 0)
		return 0;

	if (len > (str->max - 1) - str->len) {
		str->len = str->max - 1;
		return 0;
	}

	memcpy(str->buffer + str->len, add, len);
	str->len += len;
	str->buffer[str->len] = '\0';

	return len;
}

static char *
translate_flags(int flags, const char *delim,
		const struct print_flags *flag_array)
{
	int i, mask, first = 1;
	const char *add;

	if (!flag_str.buffer) {
		flag_str.buffer = malloc(4096);
		flag_str.max = 4096;
		flag_str.len = 0;
	}
	if (!flag_str.buffer)
		return NULL;
	flag_str.len = 0;
	flag_str.buffer[0] = '\0';

	for (i = 0;  flag_array[i].name && flags; i++) {
		mask = flag_array[i].mask;
		if ((flags & mask) != mask)
			continue;

		add = flag_array[i].name;
		flags &= ~mask;
		if (!first && delim)
			add_string(&flag_str, delim);
		else
			first = 0;
		add_string(&flag_str, add);
	}

	/* Check whether there are any leftover flags. */
	if (flags) {
		int ret;
		char number[11];

		if (!first && delim)
			add_string(&flag_str, delim);

		ret = snprintf(number, 11, "0x%x", flags) > 0;
		if (ret > 0 && ret <= 11)
			add_string(&flag_str, number);
	}

	return flag_str.buffer;
}

void
add_to_flist(int ft, int id, int parent, int xattr_counter)
{
	fent_t	*fep;
	flist_t	*ftp;

	ftp = &flist[ft];
	if (ftp->nfiles == ftp->nslots) {
		ftp->nslots += FLIST_SLOT_INCR;
		ftp->fents = realloc(ftp->fents, ftp->nslots * sizeof(fent_t));
	}
	fep = &ftp->fents[ftp->nfiles++];
	fep->id = id;
	fep->ft = ft;
	fep->parent = parent;
	fep->xattr_counter = xattr_counter;
}

void
append_pathname(pathname_t *name, char *str)
{
	int	len;

	len = strlen(str);
#ifdef DEBUG
	/* attempting to append to a dir a zero length path */
	if (len && *str == '/' && name->len == 0) {
		fprintf(stderr, "fsstress: append_pathname failure\n");
		assert(chdir(homedir) == 0);
		abort();
		/* NOTREACHED */
	}
#endif
	name->path = realloc(name->path, name->len + 1 + len);
	strcpy(&name->path[name->len], str);
	name->len += len;
}

static int
attr_list_count(char *buffer, int buffersize)
{
	char *p = buffer;
	char *end = buffer + buffersize;
	int count = 0;

	while (p < end && *p != 0) {
		count++;
		p += strlen(p) + 1;
	}

	return count;
}

int
attr_list_path(pathname_t *name,
	       char *buffer,
	       const int buffersize)
{
	char		buf[NAME_MAX + 1];
	pathname_t	newname;
	int		rval;

	rval = llistxattr(name->path, buffer, buffersize);
	if (rval >= 0 || errno != ENAMETOOLONG)
		return rval;
	separate_pathname(name, buf, &newname);
	if (chdir(buf) == 0) {
		rval = attr_list_path(&newname, buffer, buffersize);
		assert(chdir("..") == 0);
	}
	free_pathname(&newname);
	return rval;
}

int
attr_remove_path(pathname_t *name, const char *attrname)
{
	char		buf[NAME_MAX + 1];
	pathname_t	newname;
	int		rval;

	rval = lremovexattr(name->path, attrname);
	if (rval >= 0 || errno != ENAMETOOLONG)
		return rval;
	separate_pathname(name, buf, &newname);
	if (chdir(buf) == 0) {
		rval = attr_remove_path(&newname, attrname);
		assert(chdir("..") == 0);
	}
	free_pathname(&newname);
	return rval;
}

int
attr_set_path(pathname_t *name, const char *attrname, const char *attrvalue,
	      const int valuelength)
{
	char		buf[NAME_MAX + 1];
	pathname_t	newname;
	int		rval;

	rval = lsetxattr(name->path, attrname, attrvalue, valuelength, 0);
	if (rval >= 0 || errno != ENAMETOOLONG)
		return rval;
	separate_pathname(name, buf, &newname);
	if (chdir(buf) == 0) {
		rval = attr_set_path(&newname, attrname, attrvalue,
				     valuelength);
		assert(chdir("..") == 0);
	}
	free_pathname(&newname);
	return rval;
}

void
check_cwd(void)
{
#ifdef DEBUG
	struct stat64	statbuf;
	int ret;

	ret = stat64(".", &statbuf);
	if (ret != 0) {
		fprintf(stderr, "fsstress: check_cwd stat64() returned %d with errno: %d (%s)\n",
			ret, errno, strerror(errno));
		goto out;
	}

	if (statbuf.st_ino == top_ino)
		return;

	fprintf(stderr, "fsstress: check_cwd statbuf.st_ino (%llu) != top_ino (%llu)\n",
		(unsigned long long) statbuf.st_ino,
		(unsigned long long) top_ino);
out:
	assert(chdir(homedir) == 0);
	fprintf(stderr, "fsstress: check_cwd failure\n");
	abort();
	/* NOTREACHED */
#endif
}

/*
 * go thru flist and release all entries
 *
 * NOTE: this function shouldn't be called until the end of a process
 */
void
cleanup_flist(void)
{
	flist_t	*flp;
	int	i;

	for (i = 0, flp = flist; i < FT_nft; i++, flp++) {
		flp->nslots = 0;
		flp->nfiles = 0;
		free(flp->fents);
		flp->fents = NULL;
	}
}

int
creat_path(pathname_t *name, mode_t mode)
{
	char		buf[NAME_MAX + 1];
	pathname_t	newname;
	int		rval;

	rval = creat(name->path, mode);
	if (rval >= 0 || errno != ENAMETOOLONG)
		return rval;
	separate_pathname(name, buf, &newname);
	if (chdir(buf) == 0) {
		rval = creat_path(&newname, mode);
		assert(chdir("..") == 0);
	}
	free_pathname(&newname);
	return rval;
}

void
dcache_enter(int dirid, int slot)
{
	dcache[dirid % NDCACHE] = slot;
}

void
dcache_init(void)
{
	int	i;

	for (i = 0; i < NDCACHE; i++)
		dcache[i] = -1;
}

fent_t *
dcache_lookup(int dirid)
{
	fent_t	*fep;
	int	i;

	i = dcache[dirid % NDCACHE];
	if (i >= 0 && i < flist[FT_DIR].nfiles &&
	    (fep = &flist[FT_DIR].fents[i])->id == dirid)
		return fep;
	if (i >= 0 && i < flist[FT_SUBVOL].nfiles &&
	    (fep = &flist[FT_SUBVOL].fents[i])->id == dirid)
		return fep;
	return NULL;
}

void
dcache_purge(int dirid, int ft)
{
	int	*dcp;
	dcp = &dcache[dirid % NDCACHE];
	if (*dcp >= 0 && *dcp < flist[ft].nfiles &&
	    flist[ft].fents[*dcp].id == dirid)
		*dcp = -1;
}

/*
 * Delete the item from the list by
 * moving last entry over the deleted one;
 * unless deleted entry is the last one.
 * Input: which file list array and which slot in array
 */
void
del_from_flist(int ft, int slot)
{
	flist_t	*ftp;

	ftp = &flist[ft];
	if (ft == FT_DIR || ft == FT_SUBVOL)
		dcache_purge(ftp->fents[slot].id, ft);
	if (slot != ftp->nfiles - 1) {
		if (ft == FT_DIR || ft == FT_SUBVOL)
			dcache_purge(ftp->fents[ftp->nfiles - 1].id, ft);
		ftp->fents[slot] = ftp->fents[--ftp->nfiles];
	} else
		ftp->nfiles--;
}

#ifdef HAVE_BTRFSUTIL_H
static void
delete_subvol_children(int parid)
{
	flist_t	*flp;
	int	i;
again:
	for (i = 0, flp = flist; i < FT_nft; i++, flp++) {
		int c;
		for (c = 0; c < flp->nfiles; c++) {
			if (flp->fents[c].parent == parid) {
				int id = flp->fents[c].id;
				del_from_flist(i, c);
				if (i == FT_DIR || i == FT_SUBVOL)
					delete_subvol_children(id);
				goto again;
			}
		}
	}
}
#endif

static fent_t *
dirid_to_fent(int dirid)
{
	fent_t	*efep;
	fent_t	*fep;
	flist_t	*flp;
	int	ft = FT_DIR;

	if ((fep = dcache_lookup(dirid)))
		return fep;
again:
	flp = &flist[ft];
	for (fep = flp->fents, efep = &fep[flp->nfiles]; fep < efep; fep++) {
		if (fep->id == dirid) {
			dcache_enter(dirid, fep - flp->fents);
			return fep;
		}
	}
	if (ft == FT_DIR) {
		ft = FT_SUBVOL;
		goto again;
	}
	return NULL;
}

static bool
keep_running(opnum_t opno, opnum_t opcount)
{
	int ret;

	if (deadline.tv_nsec) {
		struct timespec now;

		ret = clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &now);
		if (ret) {
			perror("CLOCK_MONOTONIC");
			return false;
		}

		return now.tv_sec <= deadline.tv_sec;
	}

	return opno < opcount;
}

void
doproc(void)
{
	struct stat64	statbuf;
	char		buf[10];
	char		cmd[64];
	opnum_t		opno;
	int		rval;
	opdesc_t	*p;
	long long	dividend;

	dividend = (operations + execute_freq) / (execute_freq + 1);
	sprintf(buf, "p%x", procid);
	(void)mkdir(buf, 0777);
	if (chdir(buf) < 0 || stat64(".", &statbuf) < 0) {
		perror(buf);
		_exit(1);
	}
	top_ino = statbuf.st_ino;
	homedir = getcwd(NULL, 0);
	if (!homedir) {
		perror("getcwd failed");
		_exit(1);
	}
	seed += procid;
	srandom(seed);
	if (namerand)
		namerand = random();
	for (opno = 0; keep_running(opno, operations); opno++) {
		if (execute_cmd && opno && opno % dividend == 0) {
			if (verbose)
				printf("%lld: execute command %s\n", opno,
					execute_cmd);
			rval = system(execute_cmd);
			if (rval)
				fprintf(stderr, "execute command failed with "
					"%d\n", rval);
		}
		p = &ops[freq_table[random() % freq_table_size]];
		p->func(opno, random());
		/*
		 * test for forced shutdown by stat'ing the test
		 * directory.  If this stat returns EIO, assume
		 * the forced shutdown happened.
		 */
		if (errtag != 0 && opno % 100 == 0)  {
			rval = stat64(".", &statbuf);
			if (rval == EIO)  {
				fprintf(stderr, "Detected EIO\n");
				goto errout;
			}
		}
	}
errout:
	assert(chdir("..") == 0);
	free(homedir);
	if (cleanup) {
		int ret;

		sprintf(cmd, "rm -rf %s", buf);
		ret = system(cmd);
		if (ret != 0)
			perror("cleaning up");
		cleanup_flist();
	}
}

/*
 * build up a pathname going thru the file entry and all
 * its parent entries
 * Return 0 on error, 1 on success;
 */
int
fent_to_name(pathname_t *name, fent_t *fep)
{
	flist_t	*flp = &flist[fep->ft];
	char	buf[NAME_MAX + 1];
	int	i;
	fent_t	*pfep;
	int	e;

	if (fep == NULL)
		return 0;

	/* build up parent directory name */
	if (fep->parent != -1) {
		pfep = dirid_to_fent(fep->parent);
#ifdef DEBUG
		if (pfep == NULL) {
			fprintf(stderr, "%d: fent-id = %d: can't find parent id: %d\n",
				procid, fep->id, fep->parent);
		} 
#endif
		if (pfep == NULL)
			return 0;
		e = fent_to_name(name, pfep);
		if (!e)
			return 0;
		append_pathname(name, "/");
	}

	i = sprintf(buf, "%c%x", flp->tag, fep->id);
	namerandpad(fep->id, buf, i);
	append_pathname(name, buf);
	return 1;
}

bool
fents_ancestor_check(fent_t *fep, fent_t *dfep)
{
	fent_t  *tmpfep;

	for (tmpfep = fep; tmpfep->parent != -1;
	     tmpfep = dirid_to_fent(tmpfep->parent)) {
		if (tmpfep->parent == dfep->id)
			return true;
	}

	return false;
}

void
fix_parent(int oldid, int newid, bool swap)
{
	fent_t	*fep;
	flist_t	*flp;
	int	i;
	int	j;

	for (i = 0, flp = flist; i < FT_nft; i++, flp++) {
		for (j = 0, fep = flp->fents; j < flp->nfiles; j++, fep++) {
			if (fep->parent == oldid)
				fep->parent = newid;
			else if (swap && fep->parent == newid)
				fep->parent = oldid;
		}
	}
}

void
free_pathname(pathname_t *name)
{
	if (name->path) {
		free(name->path);
		name->path = NULL;
		name->len = 0;
	}
}

/*
 * Generate a filename of type ft.
 * If we have a fep which should be a directory then use it
 * as the parent path for this new filename i.e. prepend with it.
 */
int
generate_fname(fent_t *fep, int ft, pathname_t *name, int *idp, int *v)
{
	char	buf[NAME_MAX + 1];
	flist_t	*flp;
	int	id;
	int	j;
	int	len;
	int	e;

	/* create name */
	flp = &flist[ft];
	len = sprintf(buf, "%c%x", flp->tag, id = nameseq++);
	namerandpad(id, buf, len);

	/* prepend fep parent dir-name to it */
	if (fep) {
		e = fent_to_name(name, fep);
		if (!e)
			return 0;
		append_pathname(name, "/");
	}
	append_pathname(name, buf);

	*idp = id;
	*v = verbose;
	for (j = 0; !*v && j < ilistlen; j++) {
		if (ilist[j] == id) {
			*v = 1;
			break;
		}
	}
	return 1;
}

int generate_xattr_name(int xattr_num, char *buffer, int buflen)
{
	int ret;

	ret = snprintf(buffer, buflen, "user.x%d", xattr_num);
	if (ret < 0)
		return ret;
	if (ret < buflen)
		return 0;
	return -EOVERFLOW;
}

/*
 * Get file 
 * Input: "which" to choose the file-types eg. non-directory
 * Input: "r" to choose which file
 * Output: file-list, file-entry, name for the chosen file.
 * Output: verbose if chosen file is on the ilist.
 */
int
get_fname(int which, long r, pathname_t *name, flist_t **flpp, fent_t **fepp,
	  int *v)
{
	int	totalsum = 0; /* total number of matching files */
	int	partialsum = 0; /* partial sum of matching files */
	fent_t	*fep;
	flist_t	*flp;
	int	i;
	int	j;
	int	x;
	int	e = 1; /* success */

	/*
	 * go thru flist and add up number of files for each
	 * category that matches with <which>.
	 */
	for (i = 0, flp = flist; i < FT_nft; i++, flp++) {
		if (which & (1 << i))
			totalsum += flp->nfiles;
	}
	if (totalsum == 0) {
		if (flpp)
			*flpp = NULL;
		if (fepp)
			*fepp = NULL;
		*v = verbose;
		return 0;
	}

	/*
	 * Now we have possible matches between 0..totalsum-1.
	 * And we use r to help us choose which one we want,
	 * which when bounded by totalsum becomes x.
	 */ 
	x = (int)(r % totalsum);
	for (i = 0, flp = flist; i < FT_nft; i++, flp++) {
		if (which & (1 << i)) {
			if (x < partialsum + flp->nfiles) {

				/* found the matching file entry */
				fep = &flp->fents[x - partialsum];

				/* fill-in what we were asked for */
				if (name) {
					e = fent_to_name(name, fep);
#ifdef DEBUG
					if (!e) {
						fprintf(stderr, "%d: failed to get path for entry:"
								" id=%d,parent=%d\n", 	
							procid, fep->id, fep->parent);
					}
#endif
				}
				if (flpp)
					*flpp = flp;
				if (fepp)
					*fepp = fep;

				/* turn on verbose if its an ilisted file */
				*v = verbose;
				for (j = 0; !*v && j < ilistlen; j++) {
					if (ilist[j] == fep->id) {
						*v = 1;
						break;
					}
				}
				return e;
			}
			partialsum += flp->nfiles;
		}
	}
#ifdef DEBUG
	fprintf(stderr, "fsstress: get_fname failure\n");
	abort();
#endif
        return 0;
}

void
init_pathname(pathname_t *name)
{
	name->len = 0;
	name->path = NULL;
}

int
lchown_path(pathname_t *name, uid_t owner, gid_t group)
{
	char		buf[NAME_MAX + 1];
	pathname_t	newname;
	int		rval;

	rval = lchown(name->path, owner, group);
	if (rval >= 0 || errno != ENAMETOOLONG)
		return rval;
	separate_pathname(name, buf, &newname);
	if (chdir(buf) == 0) {
		rval = lchown_path(&newname, owner, group);
		assert(chdir("..") == 0);
	}
	free_pathname(&newname);
	return rval;
}

int
link_path(pathname_t *name1, pathname_t *name2)
{
	char		buf1[NAME_MAX + 1];
	char		buf2[NAME_MAX + 1];
	int		down1;
	pathname_t	newname1;
	pathname_t	newname2;
	int		rval;

	rval = link(name1->path, name2->path);
	if (rval >= 0 || errno != ENAMETOOLONG)
		return rval;
	separate_pathname(name1, buf1, &newname1);
	separate_pathname(name2, buf2, &newname2);
	if (strcmp(buf1, buf2) == 0) {
		if (chdir(buf1) == 0) {
			rval = link_path(&newname1, &newname2);
			assert(chdir("..") == 0);
		}
	} else {
		if (strcmp(buf1, "..") == 0)
			down1 = 0;
		else if (strcmp(buf2, "..") == 0)
			down1 = 1;
		else if (strlen(buf1) == 0)
			down1 = 0;
		else if (strlen(buf2) == 0)
			down1 = 1;
		else
			down1 = MAX(newname1.len, 3 + name2->len) <=
				MAX(3 + name1->len, newname2.len);
		if (down1) {
			free_pathname(&newname2);
			append_pathname(&newname2, "../");
			append_pathname(&newname2, name2->path);
			if (chdir(buf1) == 0) {
				rval = link_path(&newname1, &newname2);
				assert(chdir("..") == 0);
			}
		} else {
			free_pathname(&newname1);
			append_pathname(&newname1, "../");
			append_pathname(&newname1, name1->path);
			if (chdir(buf2) == 0) {
				rval = link_path(&newname1, &newname2);
				assert(chdir("..") == 0);
			}
		}
	}
	free_pathname(&newname1);
	free_pathname(&newname2);
	return rval;
}

int
lstat64_path(pathname_t *name, struct stat64 *sbuf)
{
	char		buf[NAME_MAX + 1];
	pathname_t	newname;
	int		rval;

	rval = lstat64(name->path, sbuf);
	if (rval >= 0 || errno != ENAMETOOLONG)
		return rval;
	separate_pathname(name, buf, &newname);
	if (chdir(buf) == 0) {
		rval = lstat64_path(&newname, sbuf);
		assert(chdir("..") == 0);
	}
	free_pathname(&newname);
	return rval;
}

void
make_freq_table(void)
{
	int		f;
	int		i;
	opdesc_t	*p;

	for (p = ops, f = 0; p < ops_end; p++)
		f += p->freq;
	freq_table = malloc(f * sizeof(*freq_table));
	freq_table_size = f;
	for (p = ops, i = 0; p < ops_end; p++) {
		for (f = 0; f < p->freq; f++, i++)
			freq_table[i] = p - ops;
	}
}

int
mkdir_path(pathname_t *name, mode_t mode)
{
	char		buf[NAME_MAX + 1];
	pathname_t	newname;
	int		rval;

	rval = mkdir(name->path, mode);
	if (rval >= 0 || errno != ENAMETOOLONG)
		return rval;
	separate_pathname(name, buf, &newname);
	if (chdir(buf) == 0) {
		rval = mkdir_path(&newname, mode);
		assert(chdir("..") == 0);
	}
	free_pathname(&newname);
	return rval;
}

int
mknod_path(pathname_t *name, mode_t mode, dev_t dev)
{
	char		buf[NAME_MAX + 1];
	pathname_t	newname;
	int		rval;

	rval = mknod(name->path, mode, dev);
	if (rval >= 0 || errno != ENAMETOOLONG)
		return rval;
	separate_pathname(name, buf, &newname);
	if (chdir(buf) == 0) {
		rval = mknod_path(&newname, mode, dev);
		assert(chdir("..") == 0);
	}
	free_pathname(&newname);
	return rval;
}

void
namerandpad(int id, char *buf, int i)
{
	int		bucket;
	static int	buckets[] =
				{ 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, NAME_MAX };
	int		padlen;
	int		padmod;

	if (namerand == 0)
		return;
	bucket = (id ^ namerand) % (sizeof(buckets) / sizeof(buckets[0]));
	padmod = buckets[bucket] + 1 - i;
	if (padmod <= 0)
		return;
	padlen = (id ^ namerand) % padmod;
	if (padlen) {
		memset(&buf[i], 'X', padlen);
		buf[i + padlen] = '\0';
	}
}

int
open_file_or_dir(pathname_t *name, int flags)
{
	int fd;

	fd = open_path(name, flags);
	if (fd != -1)
		return fd;
	if (fd == -1 && errno != EISDIR)
		return fd;
	/* Directories can not be opened in write mode nor direct mode. */
	flags &= ~(O_WRONLY | O_DIRECT);
	flags |= O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY;
	return open_path(name, flags);
}

int
open_path(pathname_t *name, int oflag)
{
	char		buf[NAME_MAX + 1];
	pathname_t	newname;
	int		rval;

	rval = open(name->path, oflag);
	if (rval >= 0 || errno != ENAMETOOLONG)
		return rval;
	separate_pathname(name, buf, &newname);
	if (chdir(buf) == 0) {
		rval = open_path(&newname, oflag);
		assert(chdir("..") == 0);
	}
	free_pathname(&newname);
	return rval;
}

DIR *
opendir_path(pathname_t *name)
{
	char		buf[NAME_MAX + 1];
	pathname_t	newname;
	DIR		*rval;

	rval = opendir(name->path);
	if (rval || errno != ENAMETOOLONG)
		return rval;
	separate_pathname(name, buf, &newname);
	if (chdir(buf) == 0) {
		rval = opendir_path(&newname);
		assert(chdir("..") == 0);
	}
	free_pathname(&newname);
	return rval;
}

void
process_freq(char *arg)
{
	opdesc_t	*p;
	char		*s;

	s = strchr(arg, '=');
	if (s == NULL) {
		fprintf(stderr, "bad argument '%s'\n", arg);
		exit(1);
	}
	*s++ = '\0';
	for (p = ops; p < ops_end; p++) {
		if (strcmp(arg, p->name) == 0) {
			p->freq = atoi(s);
			return;
		}
	}
	fprintf(stderr, "can't find op type %s for -f\n", arg);
	exit(1);
}

int
readlink_path(pathname_t *name, char *lbuf, size_t lbufsiz)
{
	char		buf[NAME_MAX + 1];
	pathname_t	newname;
	int		rval;

	rval = readlink(name->path, lbuf, lbufsiz);
	if (rval >= 0 || errno != ENAMETOOLONG)
		return rval;
	separate_pathname(name, buf, &newname);
	if (chdir(buf) == 0) {
		rval = readlink_path(&newname, lbuf, lbufsiz);
		assert(chdir("..") == 0);
	}
	free_pathname(&newname);
	return rval;
}

int
rename_path(pathname_t *name1, pathname_t *name2, int mode)
{
	char		buf1[NAME_MAX + 1];
	char		buf2[NAME_MAX + 1];
	int		down1;
	pathname_t	newname1;
	pathname_t	newname2;
	int		rval;

	if (mode == 0)
		rval = rename(name1->path, name2->path);
	else
		rval = renameat2(AT_FDCWD, name1->path,
				 AT_FDCWD, name2->path, mode);
	if (rval >= 0 || errno != ENAMETOOLONG)
		return rval;
	separate_pathname(name1, buf1, &newname1);
	separate_pathname(name2, buf2, &newname2);
	if (strcmp(buf1, buf2) == 0) {
		if (chdir(buf1) == 0) {
			rval = rename_path(&newname1, &newname2, mode);
			assert(chdir("..") == 0);
		}
	} else {
		if (strcmp(buf1, "..") == 0)
			down1 = 0;
		else if (strcmp(buf2, "..") == 0)
			down1 = 1;
		else if (strlen(buf1) == 0)
			down1 = 0;
		else if (strlen(buf2) == 0)
			down1 = 1;
		else
			down1 = MAX(newname1.len, 3 + name2->len) <=
				MAX(3 + name1->len, newname2.len);
		if (down1) {
			free_pathname(&newname2);
			append_pathname(&newname2, "../");
			append_pathname(&newname2, name2->path);
			if (chdir(buf1) == 0) {
				rval = rename_path(&newname1, &newname2, mode);
				assert(chdir("..") == 0);
			}
		} else {
			free_pathname(&newname1);
			append_pathname(&newname1, "../");
			append_pathname(&newname1, name1->path);
			if (chdir(buf2) == 0) {
				rval = rename_path(&newname1, &newname2, mode);
				assert(chdir("..") == 0);
			}
		}
	}
	free_pathname(&newname1);
	free_pathname(&newname2);
	return rval;
}

int
rmdir_path(pathname_t *name)
{
	char		buf[NAME_MAX + 1];
	pathname_t	newname;
	int		rval;

	rval = rmdir(name->path);
	if (rval >= 0 || errno != ENAMETOOLONG)
		return rval;
	separate_pathname(name, buf, &newname);
	if (chdir(buf) == 0) {
		rval = rmdir_path(&newname);
		assert(chdir("..") == 0);
	}
	free_pathname(&newname);
	return rval;
}

void
separate_pathname(pathname_t *name, char *buf, pathname_t *newname)
{
	char	*slash;

	init_pathname(newname);
	slash = strchr(name->path, '/');
	if (slash == NULL) {
		buf[0] = '\0';
		return;
	}
	*slash = '\0';
	strcpy(buf, name->path);
	*slash = '/';
	append_pathname(newname, slash + 1);
}

#define WIDTH 80

void
show_ops(int flag, char *lead_str)
{
	opdesc_t	*p;

        if (flag<0) {
                /* print in list form */
                int             x = WIDTH;
                
	        for (p = ops; p < ops_end; p++) {
			if (lead_str != NULL && x+strlen(p->name)>=WIDTH-5)
				x=printf("%s%s", (p==ops)?"":"\n", lead_str);
                        x+=printf("%s ", p->name);
                }
                printf("\n");
        } else if (flag == 0) {
		/* Table view style */
	        int		f;
	        for (f = 0, p = ops; p < ops_end; p++)
		        f += p->freq;

	        if (f == 0)
		        flag = 1;

	        for (p = ops; p < ops_end; p++) {
		        if (flag != 0 || p->freq > 0) {
			        if (lead_str != NULL)
				        printf("%s", lead_str);
			        printf("%20s %d/%d %s\n",
			        p->name, p->freq, f,
			        (p->iswrite == 0) ? " " : "write op");
		        }
                }
	} else {
		/* Command line style */
		if (lead_str != NULL)
			printf("%s", lead_str);
		printf ("-z -s %ld -m %d -n %lld -p %d \\\n", seed, idmodulo,
			operations, nproc);
	        for (p = ops; p < ops_end; p++)
		        if (p->freq > 0)
			        printf("-f %s=%d \\\n",p->name, p->freq);
	}
}

int
stat64_path(pathname_t *name, struct stat64 *sbuf)
{
	char		buf[NAME_MAX + 1];
	pathname_t	newname;
	int		rval;

	rval = stat64(name->path, sbuf);
	if (rval >= 0 || errno != ENAMETOOLONG)
		return rval;
	separate_pathname(name, buf, &newname);
	if (chdir(buf) == 0) {
		rval = stat64_path(&newname, sbuf);
		assert(chdir("..") == 0);
	}
	free_pathname(&newname);
	return rval;
}

int
symlink_path(const char *name1, pathname_t *name)
{
	char		buf[NAME_MAX + 1];
	pathname_t	newname;
	int		rval;
        
        if (!strcmp(name1, name->path)) {
            printf("yikes! %s %s\n", name1, name->path);
            return 0;
        }

	rval = symlink(name1, name->path);
	if (rval >= 0 || errno != ENAMETOOLONG)
		return rval;
	separate_pathname(name, buf, &newname);
	if (chdir(buf) == 0) {
		rval = symlink_path(name1, &newname);
		assert(chdir("..") == 0);
	}
	free_pathname(&newname);
	return rval;
}

int
truncate64_path(pathname_t *name, off64_t length)
{
	char		buf[NAME_MAX + 1];
	pathname_t	newname;
	int		rval;

	rval = truncate64(name->path, length);
	if (rval >= 0 || errno != ENAMETOOLONG)
		return rval;
	separate_pathname(name, buf, &newname);
	if (chdir(buf) == 0) {
		rval = truncate64_path(&newname, length);
		assert(chdir("..") == 0);
	}
	free_pathname(&newname);
	return rval;
}

int
unlink_path(pathname_t *name)
{
	char		buf[NAME_MAX + 1];
	pathname_t	newname;
	int		rval;

	rval = unlink(name->path);
	if (rval >= 0 || errno != ENAMETOOLONG)
		return rval;
	separate_pathname(name, buf, &newname);
	if (chdir(buf) == 0) {
		rval = unlink_path(&newname);
		assert(chdir("..") == 0);
	}
	free_pathname(&newname);
	return rval;
}

void
usage(void)
{
	printf("Usage: %s -H   or\n", myprog);
	printf("       %s [-c][-d dir][-e errtg][-f op_name=freq][-l loops][-n nops]\n",
		myprog);
	printf("          [-p nproc][-r len][-s seed][-v][-w][-x cmd][-z][-S][-X ncmd]\n");
	printf("where\n");
	printf("   -c               clean up the test directory after each run\n");
	printf("   -d dir           specifies the base directory for operations\n");
	printf("   -e errtg         specifies error injection stuff\n");
	printf("   -f op_name=freq  changes the frequency of option name to freq\n");
	printf("                    the valid operation names are:\n");
	show_ops(-1, "                        ");
	printf("   -i filenum       get verbose output for this nth file object\n");
	printf("   -l loops         specifies the no. of times the testrun should loop.\n");
	printf("                     *use 0 for infinite (default 1)\n");
	printf("   -m modulo        uid/gid modulo for chown/chgrp (default 32)\n");
	printf("   -n nops          specifies the no. of operations per process (default 1)\n");
	printf("   -o logfile       specifies logfile name\n");
	printf("   -p nproc         specifies the no. of processes (default 1)\n");
	printf("   -r               specifies random name padding\n");
	printf("   -R               zeros frequencies of write operations\n");
	printf("   -s seed          specifies the seed for the random generator (default random)\n");
	printf("   -v               specifies verbose mode\n");
	printf("   -w               zeros frequencies of non-write operations\n");
	printf("   -x cmd           execute command in the middle of operations\n");
	printf("   -z               zeros frequencies of all operations\n");
	printf("   -S [c,t]         prints the list of operations (omitting zero frequency) in command line or table style\n");
	printf("   -V               specifies verifiable logging mode (omitting inode numbers)\n");
	printf("   -X ncmd          number of calls to the -x command (default 1)\n");
	printf("   -H               prints usage and exits\n");
	printf("   --duration=s     ignore any -n setting and run for this many seconds\n");
}

void
read_freq(void)
{
	opdesc_t	*p;

	for (p = ops; p < ops_end; p++) {
		if (p->iswrite)
			p->freq = 0;
	}
}

void
write_freq(void)
{
	opdesc_t	*p;

	for (p = ops; p < ops_end; p++) {
		if (!p->iswrite)
			p->freq = 0;
	}
}

void
zero_freq(void)
{
	opdesc_t	*p;

	for (p = ops; p < ops_end; p++)
		p->freq = 0;
}

#define ARRAY_SIZE(a) (sizeof(a) / sizeof(a[0]))

opty_t btrfs_ops[] = {
	OP_SNAPSHOT,
	OP_SUBVOL_CREATE,
	OP_SUBVOL_DELETE,
};

void
non_btrfs_freq(const char *path)
{
	int			i;
#ifdef HAVE_BTRFSUTIL_H
	enum btrfs_util_error	e;

	e = btrfs_util_is_subvolume(path);
	if (e != BTRFS_UTIL_ERROR_NOT_BTRFS)
		return;
#endif
	for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(btrfs_ops); i++)
		ops[btrfs_ops[i]].freq = 0;
}

static void inode_info(char *str, size_t sz, struct stat64 *s, int be_verbose)
{
	if (be_verbose)
		snprintf(str, sz, "[%ld %ld %d %d %lld %lld]",
			 verifiable_log ? -1: (long)s->st_ino,
			 (long)s->st_nlink,  s->st_uid, s->st_gid,
			 (long long) s->st_blocks, (long long) s->st_size);
}

#ifdef AIO
static int io_get_single_event(struct io_event *event)
{
	int ret;

	/*
	 * We can get -EINTR if competing with io_uring using signal
	 * based notifications. For that case, just retry the wait.
	 */
	do {
		ret = io_getevents(io_ctx, 1, 1, event, NULL);
	} while (ret == -EINTR);
	return ret;
}
#endif

void
afsync_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
#ifdef AIO
	int		e;
	pathname_t	f;
	int		fd;
	int		v;
	struct iocb	iocb;
	struct iocb	*iocbs[] = { &iocb };
	struct io_event	event;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_REGFILE | FT_DIRm, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v)) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: afsync - no filename\n", procid, opno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	fd = open_file_or_dir(&f, O_WRONLY | O_DIRECT);
	e = fd < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (fd < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: afsync - open %s failed %d\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path, e);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}

	io_prep_fsync(&iocb, fd);
	if ((e = io_submit(io_ctx, 1, iocbs)) != 1) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: afsync - io_submit %s %d\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path, e);
		free_pathname(&f);
		close(fd);
		return;
	}
	if ((e = io_get_single_event(&event)) != 1) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: afsync - io_getevents failed %d\n",
			       procid, opno, e);
		free_pathname(&f);
		close(fd);
		return;
	}

	e = event.res2;
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%lld: afsync %s %d\n", procid, opno, f.path, e);
	free_pathname(&f);
	close(fd);
#endif
}

#ifdef AIO
static void
do_aio_rw(opnum_t opno, long r, int flags)
{
	int64_t		align;
	char		*buf = NULL;
	struct dioattr	diob;
	int		e;
	pathname_t	f;
	int		fd = -1;
	size_t		len;
	int64_t		lr;
	off64_t		off;
	struct stat64	stb;
	int		v;
	char		st[1024];
	char		*dio_env;
	struct iocb	iocb;
	struct io_event	event;
	struct iocb	*iocbs[] = { &iocb };
	int		iswrite = (flags & (O_WRONLY | O_RDWR)) ? 1 : 0;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_REGFILE, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v)) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: do_aio_rw - no filename\n", procid, opno);
		goto aio_out;
	}
	fd = open_path(&f, flags|O_DIRECT);
	e = fd < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (fd < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: do_aio_rw - open %s failed %d\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path, e);
		goto aio_out;
	}
	if (fstat64(fd, &stb) < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: do_aio_rw - fstat64 %s failed %d\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path, errno);
		goto aio_out;
	}
	inode_info(st, sizeof(st), &stb, v);
	if (!iswrite && stb.st_size == 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: do_aio_rw - %s%s zero size\n", procid, opno,
			       f.path, st);
		goto aio_out;
	}
	if (xfsctl(f.path, fd, XFS_IOC_DIOINFO, &diob) < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf(
			"%d/%lld: do_aio_rw - xfsctl(XFS_IOC_DIOINFO) %s%s return %d,"
			" fallback to stat()\n",
				procid, opno, f.path, st, errno);
		diob.d_mem = diob.d_miniosz = stb.st_blksize;
		diob.d_maxiosz = rounddown_64(INT_MAX, diob.d_miniosz);
	}
	dio_env = getenv("XFS_DIO_MIN");
	if (dio_env)
		diob.d_mem = diob.d_miniosz = atoi(dio_env);
	align = (int64_t)diob.d_miniosz;
	lr = ((int64_t)random() << 32) + random();
	len = (random() % FILELEN_MAX) + 1;
	len -= (len % align);
	if (len <= 0)
		len = align;
	else if (len > diob.d_maxiosz)
		len = diob.d_maxiosz;
	buf = memalign(diob.d_mem, len);
	if (!buf) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: do_aio_rw - memalign failed\n",
			       procid, opno);
		goto aio_out;
	}

	if (iswrite) {
		off = (off64_t)(lr % MIN(stb.st_size + (1024 * 1024), MAXFSIZE));
		off -= (off % align);
		off %= maxfsize;
		memset(buf, nameseq & 0xff, len);
		io_prep_pwrite(&iocb, fd, buf, len, off);
	} else {
		off = (off64_t)(lr % stb.st_size);
		off -= (off % align);
		io_prep_pread(&iocb, fd, buf, len, off);
	}
	if ((e = io_submit(io_ctx, 1, iocbs)) != 1) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: %s - io_submit failed %d\n",
			       procid, opno, iswrite ? "awrite" : "aread", e);
		goto aio_out;
	}
	if ((e = io_get_single_event(&event)) != 1) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: %s - io_getevents failed %d\n",
			       procid, opno, iswrite ? "awrite" : "aread", e);
		goto aio_out;
	}

	e = event.res != len ? event.res2 : 0;
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%lld: %s %s%s [%lld,%d] %d\n",
		       procid, opno, iswrite ? "awrite" : "aread",
		       f.path, st, (long long)off, (int)len, e);
 aio_out:
	if (buf)
		free(buf);
	if (fd != -1)
		close(fd);
	free_pathname(&f);
}
#endif

#ifdef URING
static void
do_uring_rw(opnum_t opno, long r, int flags)
{
	char		*buf = NULL;
	int		e;
	pathname_t	f;
	int		fd = -1;
	size_t		len;
	int64_t		lr;
	off64_t		off;
	struct stat64	stb;
	int		v;
	char		st[1024];
	struct io_uring_sqe	*sqe;
	struct io_uring_cqe	*cqe;
	struct iovec	iovec;
	int		iswrite = (flags & (O_WRONLY | O_RDWR)) ? 1 : 0;

	if (!have_io_uring)
		return;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_REGFILE, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v)) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: do_uring_rw - no filename\n", procid, opno);
		goto uring_out;
	}
	fd = open_path(&f, flags);
	e = fd < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (fd < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: do_uring_rw - open %s failed %d\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path, e);
		goto uring_out;
	}
	if (fstat64(fd, &stb) < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: do_uring_rw - fstat64 %s failed %d\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path, errno);
		goto uring_out;
	}
	inode_info(st, sizeof(st), &stb, v);
	if (!iswrite && stb.st_size == 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: do_uring_rw - %s%s zero size\n", procid, opno,
			       f.path, st);
		goto uring_out;
	}
	sqe = io_uring_get_sqe(&ring);
	if (!sqe) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: do_uring_rw - io_uring_get_sqe failed\n",
			       procid, opno);
		goto uring_out;
	}
	lr = ((int64_t)random() << 32) + random();
	len = (random() % FILELEN_MAX) + 1;
	buf = malloc(len);
	if (!buf) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: do_uring_rw - malloc failed\n",
			       procid, opno);
		goto uring_out;
	}
	iovec.iov_base = buf;
	iovec.iov_len = len;
	if (iswrite) {
		off = (off64_t)(lr % MIN(stb.st_size + (1024 * 1024), MAXFSIZE));
		off %= maxfsize;
		memset(buf, nameseq & 0xff, len);
		io_uring_prep_writev(sqe, fd, &iovec, 1, off);
	} else {
		off = (off64_t)(lr % stb.st_size);
		io_uring_prep_readv(sqe, fd, &iovec, 1, off);
	}

	if ((e = io_uring_submit_and_wait(&ring, 1)) != 1) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: %s - io_uring_submit failed %d\n", procid, opno,
			       iswrite ? "uring_write" : "uring_read", e);
		goto uring_out;
	}
	if ((e = io_uring_wait_cqe(&ring, &cqe)) < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: %s - io_uring_wait_cqe failed %d\n", procid, opno,
			       iswrite ? "uring_write" : "uring_read", e);
		goto uring_out;
	}
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%lld: %s %s%s [%lld, %d(res=%d)] %d\n",
		       procid, opno, iswrite ? "uring_write" : "uring_read",
		       f.path, st, (long long)off, (int)len, cqe->res, e);
	io_uring_cqe_seen(&ring, cqe);

 uring_out:
	if (buf)
		free(buf);
	if (fd != -1)
		close(fd);
	free_pathname(&f);
}
#endif

void
aread_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
#ifdef AIO
	do_aio_rw(opno, r, O_RDONLY);
#endif
}

void
attr_remove_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
	char			*bufname;
	char			*bufend;
	char			*aname = NULL;
	char			buf[XATTR_LIST_MAX];
	int			e;
	int			ent;
	pathname_t		f;
	int			total = 0;
	int			v;
	int			which;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_ANYm, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v))
		append_pathname(&f, ".");
	e = attr_list_path(&f, buf, sizeof(buf));
	check_cwd();
	if (e > 0)
		total = attr_list_count(buf, e);
	if (total == 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: attr_remove - no attrs for %s\n",
				procid, opno, f.path);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}

	which = (int)(random() % total);
	bufname = buf;
	bufend = buf + e;
	ent = 0;
	while (bufname < bufend) {
		if (which < ent) {
			aname = bufname;
			break;
		}
		ent++;
		bufname += strlen(bufname) + 1;
	}
	if (aname == NULL) {
		if (v)
			printf(
			"%d/%lld: attr_remove - name %d not found at %s\n",
				procid, opno, which, f.path);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	if (attr_remove_path(&f, aname) < 0)
		e = errno;
	else
		e = 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%lld: attr_remove %s %s %d\n",
			procid, opno, f.path, aname, e);
	free_pathname(&f);
}

void
attr_set_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
	char		aname[10];
	char		*aval;
	int		e;
	pathname_t	f;
	int		len;
	static int	lengths[] = { 10, 100, 1000, 10000 };
	int		li;
	int		v;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_ANYm, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v))
		append_pathname(&f, ".");
	sprintf(aname, "a%x", nameseq++);
	li = (int)(random() % (sizeof(lengths) / sizeof(lengths[0])));
	len = (int)(random() % lengths[li]);
	if (len == 0)
		len = 1;
	aval = malloc(len);
	memset(aval, nameseq & 0xff, len);
	if (attr_set_path(&f, aname, aval, len) < 0)
		e = errno;
	else
		e = 0;
	check_cwd();
	free(aval);
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%lld: attr_set %s %s %d\n", procid, opno, f.path,
			aname, e);
	free_pathname(&f);
}

void
awrite_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
#ifdef AIO
	do_aio_rw(opno, r, O_WRONLY);
#endif
}

void
bulkstat_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
	int		count;
	int		fd;
	__u64		last;
	int		nent;
	struct xfs_bstat	*t;
	int64_t		total;
	struct xfs_fsop_bulkreq bsr;

	last = 0;
	nent = (r % 999) + 2;
	t = malloc(nent * sizeof(*t));
	fd = open(".", O_RDONLY);
	total = 0;

        bsr.lastip=&last;
        bsr.icount=nent;
        bsr.ubuffer=t;
        bsr.ocount=&count;
            
	while (xfsctl(".", fd, XFS_IOC_FSBULKSTAT, &bsr) == 0 && count > 0)
		total += count;
	free(t);
	if (verbose)
		printf("%d/%lld: bulkstat nent %d total %lld\n",
			procid, opno, nent, (long long)total);
	close(fd);
}

void
bulkstat1_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
	int		e;
	pathname_t	f;
	int		fd;
	int		good;
	__u64		ino;
	struct stat64	s;
	struct xfs_bstat	t;
	int		v;
	struct xfs_fsop_bulkreq bsr;

	good = random() & 1;
	if (good) {
               /* use an inode we know exists */
		init_pathname(&f);
		if (!get_fname(FT_ANYm, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v))
			append_pathname(&f, ".");
		ino = stat64_path(&f, &s) < 0 ? (ino64_t)r : s.st_ino;
		check_cwd();
		free_pathname(&f);
	} else {
                /* 
                 * pick a random inode 
                 *
                 * note this can generate kernel warning messages
                 * since bulkstat_one will read the disk block that
                 * would contain a given inode even if that disk
                 * block doesn't contain inodes.
                 *
                 * this is detected later, but not until after the
                 * warning is displayed.
                 *
                 * "XFS: device 0x825- bad inode magic/vsn daddr 0x0 #0"
                 *
                 */
		ino = (ino64_t)r;
		v = verbose;
	}
	fd = open(".", O_RDONLY);
        
        bsr.lastip=&ino;
        bsr.icount=1;
        bsr.ubuffer=&t;
        bsr.ocount=NULL;
	e = xfsctl(".", fd, XFS_IOC_FSBULKSTAT_SINGLE, &bsr) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%lld: bulkstat1 %s ino %lld %d\n",
		       procid, opno, good?"real":"random",
		       verifiable_log ? -1LL : (long long)ino, e);
	close(fd);
}

void
chown_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
	int		e;
	pathname_t	f;
	int		nbits;
	uid_t		u;
	gid_t		g;
	int		v;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_ANYm, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v))
		append_pathname(&f, ".");
	u = (uid_t)random();
	g = (gid_t)random();
	nbits = (int)(random() % idmodulo);
	u &= (1 << nbits) - 1;
	g &= (1 << nbits) - 1;
	e = lchown_path(&f, u, g) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%lld: chown %s %d/%d %d\n", procid, opno, f.path, (int)u, (int)g, e);
	free_pathname(&f);
}

/* exchange some arbitrary range of f1 to f2...fn. */
void
xchgrange_f(
	opnum_t			opno,
	long			r)
{
#ifdef FIEXCHANGE_RANGE
	struct file_xchg_range	fxr = { 0 };
	static __u64		swap_flags = 0;
	struct pathname		fpath1;
	struct pathname		fpath2;
	struct stat64		stat1;
	struct stat64		stat2;
	char			inoinfo1[1024];
	char			inoinfo2[1024];
	off64_t			lr;
	off64_t			off1;
	off64_t			off2;
	off64_t			max_off2;
	size_t			len;
	int			v1;
	int			v2;
	int			fd1;
	int			fd2;
	int			ret;
	int			tries = 0;
	int			e;

	/* Load paths */
	init_pathname(&fpath1);
	if (!get_fname(FT_REGm, r, &fpath1, NULL, NULL, &v1)) {
		if (v1)
			printf("%d/%lld: xchgrange read - no filename\n",
				procid, opno);
		goto out_fpath1;
	}

	init_pathname(&fpath2);
	if (!get_fname(FT_REGm, random(), &fpath2, NULL, NULL, &v2)) {
		if (v2)
			printf("%d/%lld: xchgrange write - no filename\n",
				procid, opno);
		goto out_fpath2;
	}

	/* Open files */
	fd1 = open_path(&fpath1, O_RDONLY);
	e = fd1 < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (fd1 < 0) {
		if (v1)
			printf("%d/%lld: xchgrange read - open %s failed %d\n",
				procid, opno, fpath1.path, e);
		goto out_fpath2;
	}

	fd2 = open_path(&fpath2, O_WRONLY);
	e = fd2 < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (fd2 < 0) {
		if (v2)
			printf("%d/%lld: xchgrange write - open %s failed %d\n",
				procid, opno, fpath2.path, e);
		goto out_fd1;
	}

	/* Get file stats */
	if (fstat64(fd1, &stat1) < 0) {
		if (v1)
			printf("%d/%lld: xchgrange read - fstat64 %s failed %d\n",
				procid, opno, fpath1.path, errno);
		goto out_fd2;
	}
	inode_info(inoinfo1, sizeof(inoinfo1), &stat1, v1);

	if (fstat64(fd2, &stat2) < 0) {
		if (v2)
			printf("%d/%lld: xchgrange write - fstat64 %s failed %d\n",
				procid, opno, fpath2.path, errno);
		goto out_fd2;
	}
	inode_info(inoinfo2, sizeof(inoinfo2), &stat2, v2);

	if (stat1.st_size < (stat1.st_blksize * 2) ||
	    stat2.st_size < (stat2.st_blksize * 2)) {
		if (v2)
			printf("%d/%lld: xchgrange - files are too small\n",
				procid, opno);
		goto out_fd2;
	}

	/* Never let us swap more than 1/4 of the files. */
	len = (random() % FILELEN_MAX) + 1;
	if (len > stat1.st_size / 4)
		len = stat1.st_size / 4;
	if (len > stat2.st_size / 4)
		len = stat2.st_size / 4;
	len = rounddown_64(len, stat1.st_blksize);
	if (len == 0)
		len = stat1.st_blksize;

	/* Calculate offsets */
	lr = ((int64_t)random() << 32) + random();
	if (stat1.st_size == len)
		off1 = 0;
	else
		off1 = (off64_t)(lr % MIN(stat1.st_size - len, MAXFSIZE));
	off1 %= maxfsize;
	off1 = rounddown_64(off1, stat1.st_blksize);

	/*
	 * If srcfile == destfile, randomly generate destination ranges
	 * until we find one that doesn't overlap the source range.
	 */
	max_off2 = MIN(stat2.st_size  - len, MAXFSIZE);
	do {
		lr = ((int64_t)random() << 32) + random();
		if (stat2.st_size == len)
			off2 = 0;
		else
			off2 = (off64_t)(lr % max_off2);
		off2 %= maxfsize;
		off2 = rounddown_64(off2, stat2.st_blksize);
	} while (stat1.st_ino == stat2.st_ino &&
		 llabs(off2 - off1) < len &&
		 tries++ < 10);

	/* Swap data blocks */
	fxr.file1_fd = fd1;
	fxr.file1_offset = off1;
	fxr.length = len;
	fxr.file2_offset = off2;
	fxr.flags = swap_flags;

retry:
	ret = ioctl(fd2, FIEXCHANGE_RANGE, &fxr);
	e = ret < 0 ? errno : 0;
	if (e == EOPNOTSUPP && !(swap_flags & FILE_XCHG_RANGE_NONATOMIC)) {
		swap_flags = FILE_XCHG_RANGE_NONATOMIC;
		fxr.flags |= swap_flags;
		goto retry;
	}
	if (v1 || v2) {
		printf("%d/%lld: xchgrange %s%s [%lld,%lld] -> %s%s [%lld,%lld]",
			procid, opno,
			fpath1.path, inoinfo1, (long long)off1, (long long)len,
			fpath2.path, inoinfo2, (long long)off2, (long long)len);

		if (ret < 0)
			printf(" error %d", e);
		printf("\n");
	}

out_fd2:
	close(fd2);
out_fd1:
	close(fd1);
out_fpath2:
	free_pathname(&fpath2);
out_fpath1:
	free_pathname(&fpath1);
#endif
}

/* reflink some arbitrary range of f1 to f2. */
void
clonerange_f(
	opnum_t			opno,
	long			r)
{
#ifdef FICLONERANGE
	struct file_clone_range	fcr;
	struct pathname		fpath1;
	struct pathname		fpath2;
	struct stat64		stat1;
	struct stat64		stat2;
	char			inoinfo1[1024];
	char			inoinfo2[1024];
	off64_t			lr;
	off64_t			off1;
	off64_t			off2;
	off64_t			max_off2;
	size_t			len;
	int			v1;
	int			v2;
	int			fd1;
	int			fd2;
	int			ret;
	int			e;

	/* Load paths */
	init_pathname(&fpath1);
	if (!get_fname(FT_REGm, r, &fpath1, NULL, NULL, &v1)) {
		if (v1)
			printf("%d/%lld: clonerange read - no filename\n",
				procid, opno);
		goto out_fpath1;
	}

	init_pathname(&fpath2);
	if (!get_fname(FT_REGm, random(), &fpath2, NULL, NULL, &v2)) {
		if (v2)
			printf("%d/%lld: clonerange write - no filename\n",
				procid, opno);
		goto out_fpath2;
	}

	/* Open files */
	fd1 = open_path(&fpath1, O_RDONLY);
	e = fd1 < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (fd1 < 0) {
		if (v1)
			printf("%d/%lld: clonerange read - open %s failed %d\n",
				procid, opno, fpath1.path, e);
		goto out_fpath2;
	}

	fd2 = open_path(&fpath2, O_WRONLY);
	e = fd2 < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (fd2 < 0) {
		if (v2)
			printf("%d/%lld: clonerange write - open %s failed %d\n",
				procid, opno, fpath2.path, e);
		goto out_fd1;
	}

	/* Get file stats */
	if (fstat64(fd1, &stat1) < 0) {
		if (v1)
			printf("%d/%lld: clonerange read - fstat64 %s failed %d\n",
				procid, opno, fpath1.path, errno);
		goto out_fd2;
	}
	inode_info(inoinfo1, sizeof(inoinfo1), &stat1, v1);

	if (fstat64(fd2, &stat2) < 0) {
		if (v2)
			printf("%d/%lld: clonerange write - fstat64 %s failed %d\n",
				procid, opno, fpath2.path, errno);
		goto out_fd2;
	}
	inode_info(inoinfo2, sizeof(inoinfo2), &stat2, v2);

	/* Calculate offsets */
	len = (random() % FILELEN_MAX) + 1;
	len = rounddown_64(len, stat1.st_blksize);
	if (len == 0)
		len = stat1.st_blksize;
	if (len > stat1.st_size)
		len = stat1.st_size;

	lr = ((int64_t)random() << 32) + random();
	if (stat1.st_size == len)
		off1 = 0;
	else
		off1 = (off64_t)(lr % MIN(stat1.st_size - len, MAXFSIZE));
	off1 %= maxfsize;
	off1 = rounddown_64(off1, stat1.st_blksize);

	/*
	 * If srcfile == destfile, randomly generate destination ranges
	 * until we find one that doesn't overlap the source range.
	 */
	max_off2 = MIN(stat2.st_size + (1024ULL * stat2.st_blksize), MAXFSIZE);
	do {
		lr = ((int64_t)random() << 32) + random();
		off2 = (off64_t)(lr % max_off2);
		off2 %= maxfsize;
		off2 = rounddown_64(off2, stat2.st_blksize);
	} while (stat1.st_ino == stat2.st_ino && llabs(off2 - off1) < len);

	/* Clone data blocks */
	fcr.src_fd = fd1;
	fcr.src_offset = off1;
	fcr.src_length = len;
	fcr.dest_offset = off2;

	ret = ioctl(fd2, FICLONERANGE, &fcr);
	e = ret < 0 ? errno : 0;
	if (v1 || v2) {
		printf("%d/%lld: clonerange %s%s [%lld,%lld] -> %s%s [%lld,%lld]",
			procid, opno,
			fpath1.path, inoinfo1, (long long)off1, (long long)len,
			fpath2.path, inoinfo2, (long long)off2, (long long)len);

		if (ret < 0)
			printf(" error %d", e);
		printf("\n");
	}

out_fd2:
	close(fd2);
out_fd1:
	close(fd1);
out_fpath2:
	free_pathname(&fpath2);
out_fpath1:
	free_pathname(&fpath1);
#endif
}

/* copy some arbitrary range of f1 to f2. */
void
copyrange_f(
	opnum_t			opno,
	long			r)
{
#ifdef HAVE_COPY_FILE_RANGE
	struct pathname		fpath1;
	struct pathname		fpath2;
	struct stat64		stat1;
	struct stat64		stat2;
	char			inoinfo1[1024];
	char			inoinfo2[1024];
	loff_t			lr;
	loff_t			off1;
	loff_t			off2;
	loff_t			offset1;
	loff_t			offset2;
	loff_t			max_off2;
	size_t			len;
	size_t			length;
	int			tries = 0;
	int			v1;
	int			v2;
	int			fd1;
	int			fd2;
	size_t			ret = 0;
	int			e;

	/* Load paths */
	init_pathname(&fpath1);
	if (!get_fname(FT_REGm, r, &fpath1, NULL, NULL, &v1)) {
		if (v1)
			printf("%d/%lld: copyrange read - no filename\n",
				procid, opno);
		goto out_fpath1;
	}

	init_pathname(&fpath2);
	if (!get_fname(FT_REGm, random(), &fpath2, NULL, NULL, &v2)) {
		if (v2)
			printf("%d/%lld: copyrange write - no filename\n",
				procid, opno);
		goto out_fpath2;
	}

	/* Open files */
	fd1 = open_path(&fpath1, O_RDONLY);
	e = fd1 < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (fd1 < 0) {
		if (v1)
			printf("%d/%lld: copyrange read - open %s failed %d\n",
				procid, opno, fpath1.path, e);
		goto out_fpath2;
	}

	fd2 = open_path(&fpath2, O_WRONLY);
	e = fd2 < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (fd2 < 0) {
		if (v2)
			printf("%d/%lld: copyrange write - open %s failed %d\n",
				procid, opno, fpath2.path, e);
		goto out_fd1;
	}

	/* Get file stats */
	if (fstat64(fd1, &stat1) < 0) {
		if (v1)
			printf("%d/%lld: copyrange read - fstat64 %s failed %d\n",
				procid, opno, fpath1.path, errno);
		goto out_fd2;
	}
	inode_info(inoinfo1, sizeof(inoinfo1), &stat1, v1);

	if (fstat64(fd2, &stat2) < 0) {
		if (v2)
			printf("%d/%lld: copyrange write - fstat64 %s failed %d\n",
				procid, opno, fpath2.path, errno);
		goto out_fd2;
	}
	inode_info(inoinfo2, sizeof(inoinfo2), &stat2, v2);

	/* Calculate offsets */
	len = (random() % FILELEN_MAX) + 1;
	if (len == 0)
		len = stat1.st_blksize;
	if (len > stat1.st_size)
		len = stat1.st_size;

	lr = ((int64_t)random() << 32) + random();
	if (stat1.st_size == len)
		off1 = 0;
	else
		off1 = (off64_t)(lr % MIN(stat1.st_size - len, MAXFSIZE));
	off1 %= maxfsize;

	/*
	 * If srcfile == destfile, randomly generate destination ranges
	 * until we find one that doesn't overlap the source range.
	 */
	max_off2 = MIN(stat2.st_size + (1024ULL * stat2.st_blksize), MAXFSIZE);
	do {
		lr = ((int64_t)random() << 32) + random();
		off2 = (off64_t)(lr % max_off2);
		off2 %= maxfsize;
	} while (stat1.st_ino == stat2.st_ino && llabs(off2 - off1) < len);

	/*
	 * Since len, off1 and off2 will be changed later, preserve their
	 * original values.
	 */
	length = len;
	offset1 = off1;
	offset2 = off2;

	while (len > 0) {
		ret = syscall(__NR_copy_file_range, fd1, &off1, fd2, &off2,
			      len, 0);
		if (ret < 0) {
			if (errno != EAGAIN || tries++ >= 300)
				break;
		} else if (ret > len || ret == 0)
			break;
		else if (ret > 0)
			len -= ret;
	}
	e = ret < 0 ? errno : 0;
	if (v1 || v2) {
		printf("%d/%lld: copyrange %s%s [%lld,%lld] -> %s%s [%lld,%lld]",
			procid, opno,
			fpath1.path, inoinfo1,
			(long long)offset1, (long long)length,
			fpath2.path, inoinfo2,
			(long long)offset2, (long long)length);

		if (ret < 0)
			printf(" error %d", e);
		else if (len && ret > len)
			printf(" asked for %lld, copied %lld??\n",
				(long long)len, (long long)ret);
		printf("\n");
	}

out_fd2:
	close(fd2);
out_fd1:
	close(fd1);
out_fpath2:
	free_pathname(&fpath2);
out_fpath1:
	free_pathname(&fpath1);
#endif
}

/* dedupe some arbitrary range of f1 to f2...fn. */
void
deduperange_f(
	opnum_t			opno,
	long			r)
{
#ifdef FIDEDUPERANGE
#define INFO_SZ			1024
	struct file_dedupe_range *fdr;
	struct pathname		*fpath;
	struct stat64		*stat;
	char			*info;
	off64_t			*off;
	int			*v;
	int			*fd;
	int			nr;
	off64_t			lr;
	size_t			len;
	int			ret;
	int			i;
	int			e;

	if (flist[FT_REG].nfiles < 2)
		return;

	/* Pick somewhere between 2 and 128 files. */
	do {
		nr = random() % (flist[FT_REG].nfiles + 1);
	} while (nr < 2 || nr > 128);

	/* Alloc memory */
	fdr = malloc(nr * sizeof(struct file_dedupe_range_info) +
		     sizeof(struct file_dedupe_range));
	if (!fdr) {
		printf("%d/%lld: line %d error %d\n",
			procid, opno, __LINE__, errno);
		return;
	}
	memset(fdr, 0, (nr * sizeof(struct file_dedupe_range_info) +
			sizeof(struct file_dedupe_range)));

	fpath = calloc(nr, sizeof(struct pathname));
	if (!fpath) {
		printf("%d/%lld: line %d error %d\n",
			procid, opno, __LINE__, errno);
		goto out_fdr;
	}

	stat = calloc(nr, sizeof(struct stat64));
	if (!stat) {
		printf("%d/%lld: line %d error %d\n",
			procid, opno, __LINE__, errno);
		goto out_paths;
	}

	info = calloc(nr, INFO_SZ);
	if (!info) {
		printf("%d/%lld: line %d error %d\n",
			procid, opno, __LINE__, errno);
		goto out_stats;
	}

	off = calloc(nr, sizeof(off64_t));
	if (!off) {
		printf("%d/%lld: line %d error %d\n",
			procid, opno, __LINE__, errno);
		goto out_info;
	}

	v = calloc(nr, sizeof(int));
	if (!v) {
		printf("%d/%lld: line %d error %d\n",
			procid, opno, __LINE__, errno);
		goto out_offsets;
	}
	fd = calloc(nr, sizeof(int));
	if (!fd) {
		printf("%d/%lld: line %d error %d\n",
			procid, opno, __LINE__, errno);
		goto out_v;
	}
	memset(fd, 0xFF, nr * sizeof(int));

	/* Get paths for all files */
	for (i = 0; i < nr; i++)
		init_pathname(&fpath[i]);

	if (!get_fname(FT_REGm, r, &fpath[0], NULL, NULL, &v[0])) {
		if (v[0])
			printf("%d/%lld: deduperange read - no filename\n",
				procid, opno);
		goto out_pathnames;
	}

	for (i = 1; i < nr; i++) {
		if (!get_fname(FT_REGm, random(), &fpath[i], NULL, NULL, &v[i])) {
			if (v[i])
				printf("%d/%lld: deduperange write - no filename\n",
					procid, opno);
			goto out_pathnames;
		}
	}

	/* Open files */
	fd[0] = open_path(&fpath[0], O_RDONLY);
	e = fd[0] < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (fd[0] < 0) {
		if (v[0])
			printf("%d/%lld: deduperange read - open %s failed %d\n",
				procid, opno, fpath[0].path, e);
		goto out_pathnames;
	}

	for (i = 1; i < nr; i++) {
		fd[i] = open_path(&fpath[i], O_WRONLY);
		e = fd[i] < 0 ? errno : 0;
		check_cwd();
		if (fd[i] < 0) {
			if (v[i])
				printf("%d/%lld: deduperange write - open %s failed %d\n",
					procid, opno, fpath[i].path, e);
			goto out_fds;
		}
	}

	/* Get file stats */
	if (fstat64(fd[0], &stat[0]) < 0) {
		if (v[0])
			printf("%d/%lld: deduperange read - fstat64 %s failed %d\n",
				procid, opno, fpath[0].path, errno);
		goto out_fds;
	}

	inode_info(&info[0], INFO_SZ, &stat[0], v[0]);

	for (i = 1; i < nr; i++) {
		if (fstat64(fd[i], &stat[i]) < 0) {
			if (v[i])
				printf("%d/%lld: deduperange write - fstat64 %s failed %d\n",
					procid, opno, fpath[i].path, errno);
			goto out_fds;
		}
		inode_info(&info[i * INFO_SZ], INFO_SZ, &stat[i], v[i]);
	}

	/* Never try to dedupe more than half of the src file. */
	len = (random() % FILELEN_MAX) + 1;
	len = rounddown_64(len, stat[0].st_blksize);
	if (len == 0)
		len = stat[0].st_blksize / 2;
	if (len > stat[0].st_size / 2)
		len = stat[0].st_size / 2;

	/* Calculate offsets */
	lr = ((int64_t)random() << 32) + random();
	if (stat[0].st_size == len)
		off[0] = 0;
	else
		off[0] = (off64_t)(lr % MIN(stat[0].st_size - len, MAXFSIZE));
	off[0] %= maxfsize;
	off[0] = rounddown_64(off[0], stat[0].st_blksize);

	/*
	 * If srcfile == destfile[i], randomly generate destination ranges
	 * until we find one that doesn't overlap the source range.
	 */
	for (i = 1; i < nr; i++) {
		int	tries = 0;

		do {
			lr = ((int64_t)random() << 32) + random();
			if (stat[i].st_size <= len)
				off[i] = 0;
			else
				off[i] = (off64_t)(lr % MIN(stat[i].st_size - len, MAXFSIZE));
			off[i] %= maxfsize;
			off[i] = rounddown_64(off[i], stat[i].st_blksize);
		} while (stat[0].st_ino == stat[i].st_ino &&
			 llabs(off[i] - off[0]) < len &&
			 tries++ < 10);
	}

	/* Clone data blocks */
	fdr->src_offset = off[0];
	fdr->src_length = len;
	fdr->dest_count = nr - 1;
	for (i = 1; i < nr; i++) {
		fdr->info[i - 1].dest_fd = fd[i];
		fdr->info[i - 1].dest_offset = off[i];
	}

	ret = ioctl(fd[0], FIDEDUPERANGE, fdr);
	e = ret < 0 ? errno : 0;
	if (v[0]) {
		printf("%d/%lld: deduperange from %s%s [%lld,%lld]",
			procid, opno,
			fpath[0].path, &info[0], (long long)off[0],
			(long long)len);
		if (ret < 0)
			printf(" error %d", e);
		printf("\n");
	}
	if (ret < 0)
		goto out_fds;

	for (i = 1; i < nr; i++) {
		e = fdr->info[i - 1].status < 0 ? fdr->info[i - 1].status : 0;
		if (v[i]) {
			printf("%d/%lld: ...to %s%s [%lld,%lld]",
				procid, opno,
				fpath[i].path, &info[i * INFO_SZ],
				(long long)off[i], (long long)len);
			if (fdr->info[i - 1].status < 0)
				printf(" error %d", e);
			if (fdr->info[i - 1].status == FILE_DEDUPE_RANGE_SAME)
				printf(" %llu bytes deduplicated",
					fdr->info[i - 1].bytes_deduped);
			if (fdr->info[i - 1].status == FILE_DEDUPE_RANGE_DIFFERS)
				printf(" differed");
			printf("\n");
		}
	}

out_fds:
	for (i = 0; i < nr; i++)
		if (fd[i] >= 0)
			close(fd[i]);
out_pathnames:
	for (i = 0; i < nr; i++)
		free_pathname(&fpath[i]);

	free(fd);
out_v:
	free(v);
out_offsets:
	free(off);
out_info:
	free(info);
out_stats:
	free(stat);
out_paths:
	free(fpath);
out_fdr:
	free(fdr);
#endif
}

void
setxattr_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
#ifdef XFS_XFLAG_EXTSIZE
	struct fsxattr	fsx;
	int		fd;
	int		e;
	pathname_t	f;
	int		nbits;
	uint		p;
	int		v;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_ANYm, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v))
		append_pathname(&f, ".");
	fd = open_path(&f, O_RDWR);
	e = fd < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();

	/* project ID */
	p = (uint)random();
	e = MIN(idmodulo, XFS_PROJIDMODULO_MAX);
	nbits = (int)(random() % e);
	p &= (1 << nbits) - 1;

	if ((e = xfsctl(f.path, fd, XFS_IOC_FSGETXATTR, &fsx)) == 0) {
		fsx.fsx_projid = p;
		e = xfsctl(f.path, fd, XFS_IOC_FSSETXATTR, &fsx);
	}
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%lld: setxattr %s %u %d\n", procid, opno, f.path, p, e);
	free_pathname(&f);
	close(fd);
#endif
}

void
splice_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
	struct pathname		fpath1;
	struct pathname		fpath2;
	struct stat64		stat1;
	struct stat64		stat2;
	char			inoinfo1[1024];
	char			inoinfo2[1024];
	loff_t			lr;
	loff_t			off1, off2;
	size_t			len;
	loff_t			offset1, offset2;
	size_t			length;
	size_t			total;
	int			v1;
	int			v2;
	int			fd1;
	int			fd2;
	ssize_t			ret1 = 0, ret2 = 0;
	size_t			bytes;
	int			e;
	int			filedes[2];

	/* Load paths */
	init_pathname(&fpath1);
	if (!get_fname(FT_REGm, r, &fpath1, NULL, NULL, &v1)) {
		if (v1)
			printf("%d/%lld: splice read - no filename\n",
				procid, opno);
		goto out_fpath1;
	}

	init_pathname(&fpath2);
	if (!get_fname(FT_REGm, random(), &fpath2, NULL, NULL, &v2)) {
		if (v2)
			printf("%d/%lld: splice write - no filename\n",
				procid, opno);
		goto out_fpath2;
	}

	/* Open files */
	fd1 = open_path(&fpath1, O_RDONLY);
	e = fd1 < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (fd1 < 0) {
		if (v1)
			printf("%d/%lld: splice read - open %s failed %d\n",
				procid, opno, fpath1.path, e);
		goto out_fpath2;
	}

	fd2 = open_path(&fpath2, O_WRONLY);
	e = fd2 < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (fd2 < 0) {
		if (v2)
			printf("%d/%lld: splice write - open %s failed %d\n",
				procid, opno, fpath2.path, e);
		goto out_fd1;
	}

	/* Get file stats */
	if (fstat64(fd1, &stat1) < 0) {
		if (v1)
			printf("%d/%lld: splice read - fstat64 %s failed %d\n",
				procid, opno, fpath1.path, errno);
		goto out_fd2;
	}
	inode_info(inoinfo1, sizeof(inoinfo1), &stat1, v1);

	if (fstat64(fd2, &stat2) < 0) {
		if (v2)
			printf("%d/%lld: splice write - fstat64 %s failed %d\n",
				procid, opno, fpath2.path, errno);
		goto out_fd2;
	}
	inode_info(inoinfo2, sizeof(inoinfo2), &stat2, v2);

	/* Calculate offsets */
	len = (random() % FILELEN_MAX) + 1;
	if (len == 0)
		len = stat1.st_blksize;
	if (len > stat1.st_size)
		len = stat1.st_size;

	lr = ((int64_t)random() << 32) + random();
	if (stat1.st_size == len)
		off1 = 0;
	else
		off1 = (off64_t)(lr % MIN(stat1.st_size - len, MAXFSIZE));
	off1 %= maxfsize;

	/*
	 * splice can overlap write, so the offset of the target file can be
	 * any number. But to avoid too large offset, add a clamp of 1024 blocks
	 * past the current dest file EOF
	 */
	lr = ((int64_t)random() << 32) + random();
	off2 = (off64_t)(lr % MIN(stat2.st_size + (1024ULL * stat2.st_blksize), MAXFSIZE));

	/*
	 * Since len, off1 and off2 will be changed later, preserve their
	 * original values.
	 */
	length = len;
	offset1 = off1;
	offset2 = off2;

	/* Pipe initialize */
	if (pipe(filedes) < 0) {
		if (v1 || v2) {
			printf("%d/%lld: splice - pipe failed %d\n",
				procid, opno, errno);
			goto out_fd2;
		}
	}

	bytes = 0;
	total = 0;
	while (len > 0) {
		/* move to pipe buffer */
		ret1 = splice(fd1, &off1, filedes[1], NULL, len, 0);
		if (ret1 <= 0) {
			break;
		}
		bytes = ret1;

		/* move from pipe buffer to dst file */
		while (bytes > 0) {
			ret2 = splice(filedes[0], NULL, fd2, &off2, bytes, 0);
			if (ret2 < 0) {
				break;
			}
			bytes -= ret2;
		}
		if (ret2 < 0)
			break;

		len -= ret1;
		total += ret1;
	}

	if (ret1 < 0 || ret2 < 0)
		e = errno;
	else
		e = 0;
	if (v1 || v2) {
		printf("%d/%lld: splice %s%s [%lld,%lld] -> %s%s [%lld,%lld] %d",
			procid, opno,
			fpath1.path, inoinfo1, (long long)offset1, (long long)length,
			fpath2.path, inoinfo2, (long long)offset2, (long long)length, e);

		if (length && length > total)
			printf(" asked for %lld, spliced %lld??\n",
				(long long)length, (long long)total);
		printf("\n");
	}

	close(filedes[0]);
	close(filedes[1]);
out_fd2:
	close(fd2);
out_fd1:
	close(fd1);
out_fpath2:
	free_pathname(&fpath2);
out_fpath1:
	free_pathname(&fpath1);
}

void
creat_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
	struct fsxattr	a;
	int		e;
	int		e1;
	int		extsize;
	pathname_t	f;
	int		fd;
	fent_t		*fep;
	int		id;
	int		parid;
	int		type;
	int		v;
	int		v1;

	if (!get_fname(FT_ANYDIR, r, NULL, NULL, &fep, &v1))
		parid = -1;
	else
		parid = fep->id;
	init_pathname(&f);
	e1 = (random() % 100);
	type = rtpct ? ((e1 > rtpct) ? FT_REG : FT_RTF) : FT_REG;
#ifdef NOTYET
	if (type == FT_RTF)	/* rt always gets an extsize */
		extsize = (random() % 10) + 1;
	else if (e1 < 10)	/* one-in-ten get an extsize */
		extsize = random() % 1024;
	else
#endif
		extsize = 0;
	e = generate_fname(fep, type, &f, &id, &v);
	v |= v1;
	if (!e) {
		if (v) {
			(void)fent_to_name(&f, fep);
			printf("%d/%lld: creat - no filename from %s\n",
				procid, opno, f.path);
		}
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	fd = creat_path(&f, 0666);
	e = fd < 0 ? errno : 0;
	e1 = 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (fd >= 0) {
		if (extsize &&
		    xfsctl(f.path, fd, XFS_IOC_FSGETXATTR, &a) >= 0) {
			if (type == FT_RTF) {
				a.fsx_xflags |= XFS_XFLAG_REALTIME;
				a.fsx_extsize = extsize *
						geom.rtextsize * geom.blocksize;
#ifdef NOTYET
			} else if (extsize) {
				a.fsx_xflags |= XFS_XFLAG_EXTSIZE;
				a.fsx_extsize = extsize * geom.blocksize;
#endif
			}
			if (xfsctl(f.path, fd, XFS_IOC_FSSETXATTR, &a) < 0)
				e1 = errno;
		}
		add_to_flist(type, id, parid, 0);
		close(fd);
	}
	if (v) {
		printf("%d/%lld: creat %s x:%d %d %d\n", procid, opno, f.path,
			extsize ? a.fsx_extsize : 0, e, e1);
		printf("%d/%lld: creat add id=%d,parent=%d\n", procid, opno, id, parid);
	}
	free_pathname(&f);
}

void
dread_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
	int64_t		align;
	char		*buf;
	struct dioattr	diob;
	int		e;
	pathname_t	f;
	int		fd;
	size_t		len;
	int64_t		lr;
	off64_t		off;
	struct stat64	stb;
	int		v;
	char		st[1024];
	char		*dio_env;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_REGFILE, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v)) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: dread - no filename\n", procid, opno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	fd = open_path(&f, O_RDONLY|O_DIRECT);
	e = fd < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (fd < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: dread - open %s failed %d\n",
				procid, opno, f.path, e);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	if (fstat64(fd, &stb) < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: dread - fstat64 %s failed %d\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path, errno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		close(fd);
		return;
	}
	inode_info(st, sizeof(st), &stb, v);
	if (stb.st_size == 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: dread - %s%s zero size\n", procid, opno,
			       f.path, st);
		free_pathname(&f);
		close(fd);
		return;
	}
	if (xfsctl(f.path, fd, XFS_IOC_DIOINFO, &diob) < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf(
			"%d/%lld: dread - xfsctl(XFS_IOC_DIOINFO) %s%s return %d,"
			" fallback to stat()\n",
				procid, opno, f.path, st, errno);
		diob.d_mem = diob.d_miniosz = stb.st_blksize;
		diob.d_maxiosz = rounddown_64(INT_MAX, diob.d_miniosz);
	}

	dio_env = getenv("XFS_DIO_MIN");
	if (dio_env)
		diob.d_mem = diob.d_miniosz = atoi(dio_env);

	align = (int64_t)diob.d_miniosz;
	lr = ((int64_t)random() << 32) + random();
	off = (off64_t)(lr % stb.st_size);
	off -= (off % align);
	lseek64(fd, off, SEEK_SET);
	len = (random() % FILELEN_MAX) + 1;
	len -= (len % align);
	if (len <= 0)
		len = align;
	else if (len > diob.d_maxiosz) 
		len = diob.d_maxiosz;
	buf = memalign(diob.d_mem, len);
	e = read(fd, buf, len) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	free(buf);
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%lld: dread %s%s [%lld,%d] %d\n",
		       procid, opno, f.path, st, (long long)off, (int)len, e);
	free_pathname(&f);
	close(fd);
}

void
dwrite_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
	int64_t		align;
	char		*buf;
	struct dioattr	diob;
	int		e;
	pathname_t	f;
	int		fd;
	size_t		len;
	int64_t		lr;
	off64_t		off;
	struct stat64	stb;
	int		v;
	char		st[1024];
	char		*dio_env;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_REGFILE, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v)) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: dwrite - no filename\n", procid, opno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	fd = open_path(&f, O_WRONLY|O_DIRECT);
	e = fd < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (fd < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: dwrite - open %s failed %d\n",
				procid, opno, f.path, e);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	if (fstat64(fd, &stb) < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: dwrite - fstat64 %s failed %d\n",
				procid, opno, f.path, errno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		close(fd);
		return;
	}
	inode_info(st, sizeof(st), &stb, v);
	if (xfsctl(f.path, fd, XFS_IOC_DIOINFO, &diob) < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: dwrite - xfsctl(XFS_IOC_DIOINFO)"
				" %s%s return %d, fallback to stat()\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path, st, errno);
		diob.d_mem = diob.d_miniosz = stb.st_blksize;
		diob.d_maxiosz = rounddown_64(INT_MAX, diob.d_miniosz);
	}

	dio_env = getenv("XFS_DIO_MIN");
	if (dio_env)
		diob.d_mem = diob.d_miniosz = atoi(dio_env);

	align = (int64_t)diob.d_miniosz;
	lr = ((int64_t)random() << 32) + random();
	off = (off64_t)(lr % MIN(stb.st_size + (1024 * 1024), MAXFSIZE));
	off -= (off % align);
	lseek64(fd, off, SEEK_SET);
	len = (random() % FILELEN_MAX) + 1;
	len -= (len % align);
	if (len <= 0)
		len = align;
	else if (len > diob.d_maxiosz) 
		len = diob.d_maxiosz;
	buf = memalign(diob.d_mem, len);
	off %= maxfsize;
	lseek64(fd, off, SEEK_SET);
	memset(buf, nameseq & 0xff, len);
	e = write(fd, buf, len) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	free(buf);
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%lld: dwrite %s%s [%lld,%d] %d\n",
		       procid, opno, f.path, st, (long long)off, (int)len, e);
	free_pathname(&f);
	close(fd);
}


#ifdef HAVE_LINUX_FALLOC_H
struct print_flags falloc_flags [] = {
	{ FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE, "KEEP_SIZE"},
	{ FALLOC_FL_PUNCH_HOLE, "PUNCH_HOLE"},
	{ FALLOC_FL_NO_HIDE_STALE, "NO_HIDE_STALE"},
	{ FALLOC_FL_COLLAPSE_RANGE, "COLLAPSE_RANGE"},
	{ FALLOC_FL_ZERO_RANGE, "ZERO_RANGE"},
	{ FALLOC_FL_INSERT_RANGE, "INSERT_RANGE"},
	{ -1, NULL}
};

#define translate_falloc_flags(mode)	\
	({translate_flags(mode, "|", falloc_flags);})
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_LINUX_FALLOC_H
static void
do_fallocate(opnum_t opno, long r, int mode)
{
	int		e;
	pathname_t	f;
	int		fd;
	int64_t		lr;
	off64_t		off;
	off64_t		len;
	struct stat64	stb;
	int		v;
	char		st[1024];

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_REGFILE, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v)) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: do_fallocate - no filename\n", procid, opno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	fd = open_path(&f, O_RDWR);
	if (fd < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: do_fallocate - open %s failed %d\n",
				procid, opno, f.path, errno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	check_cwd();
	if (fstat64(fd, &stb) < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: do_fallocate - fstat64 %s failed %d\n",
				procid, opno, f.path, errno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		close(fd);
		return;
	}
	inode_info(st, sizeof(st), &stb, v);
	lr = ((int64_t)random() << 32) + random();
	off = (off64_t)(lr % MIN(stb.st_size + (1024 * 1024), MAXFSIZE));
	off %= maxfsize;
	len = (off64_t)(random() % (1024 * 1024));
	/*
	 * Collapse/insert range requires off and len to be block aligned,
	 * make it more likely to be the case.
	 */
	if ((mode & (FALLOC_FL_COLLAPSE_RANGE | FALLOC_FL_INSERT_RANGE)) &&
		(opno % 2)) {
		off = roundup_64(off, stb.st_blksize);
		len = roundup_64(len, stb.st_blksize);
	}
	mode |= FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE & random();
	e = fallocate(fd, mode, (loff_t)off, (loff_t)len) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%lld: fallocate(%s) %s %st %lld %lld %d\n",
		       procid, opno, translate_falloc_flags(mode),
		       f.path, st, (long long)off, (long long)len, e);
	free_pathname(&f);
	close(fd);
}
#endif

void
fallocate_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
#ifdef HAVE_LINUX_FALLOC_H
	do_fallocate(opno, r, 0);
#endif
}

void
fdatasync_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
	int		e;
	pathname_t	f;
	int		fd;
	int		v;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_REGFILE, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v)) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: fdatasync - no filename\n",
				procid, opno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	fd = open_path(&f, O_WRONLY);
	e = fd < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (fd < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: fdatasync - open %s failed %d\n",
				procid, opno, f.path, e);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	e = fdatasync(fd) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%lld: fdatasync %s %d\n", procid, opno, f.path, e);
	free_pathname(&f);
	close(fd);
}

#ifdef HAVE_LINUX_FIEMAP_H
struct print_flags fiemap_flags[] = {
	{ FIEMAP_FLAG_SYNC, "SYNC"},
	{ FIEMAP_FLAG_XATTR, "XATTR"},
	{ -1, NULL}
};

#define translate_fiemap_flags(mode)	\
	({translate_flags(mode, "|", fiemap_flags);})
#endif

void
fiemap_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
#ifdef HAVE_LINUX_FIEMAP_H
	int		e;
	pathname_t	f;
	int		fd;
	int64_t		lr;
	off64_t		off;
	struct stat64	stb;
	int		v;
	char		st[1024];
	int blocks_to_map;
	struct fiemap *fiemap;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_REGFILE, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v)) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: fiemap - no filename\n", procid, opno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	fd = open_path(&f, O_RDWR);
	e = fd < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (fd < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: fiemap - open %s failed %d\n",
				procid, opno, f.path, e);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	if (fstat64(fd, &stb) < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: fiemap - fstat64 %s failed %d\n",
				procid, opno, f.path, errno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		close(fd);
		return;
	}
	inode_info(st, sizeof(st), &stb, v);
	blocks_to_map = random() & 0xffff;
	fiemap = (struct fiemap *)malloc(sizeof(struct fiemap) +
			(blocks_to_map * sizeof(struct fiemap_extent)));
	if (!fiemap) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: malloc failed \n", procid, opno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		close(fd);
		return;
	}
	lr = ((int64_t)random() << 32) + random();
	off = (off64_t)(lr % MIN(stb.st_size + (1024 * 1024), MAXFSIZE));
	off %= maxfsize;
	fiemap->fm_flags = random() & (FIEMAP_FLAGS_COMPAT | 0x10000);
	fiemap->fm_extent_count = blocks_to_map;
	fiemap->fm_mapped_extents = random() & 0xffff;
	fiemap->fm_start = off;
	fiemap->fm_length = ((int64_t)random() << 32) + random();

	e = ioctl(fd, FS_IOC_FIEMAP, (unsigned long)fiemap);
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%lld: ioctl(FIEMAP) %s%s %lld %lld (%s) %d\n",
		       procid, opno, f.path, st, (long long)fiemap->fm_start,
		       (long long) fiemap->fm_length,
		       translate_fiemap_flags(fiemap->fm_flags), e);
	free(fiemap);
	free_pathname(&f);
	close(fd);
#endif
}

void
fsync_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
	int		e;
	pathname_t	f;
	int		fd;
	int		v;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_REGFILE | FT_DIRm, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v)) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: fsync - no filename\n", procid, opno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	fd = open_file_or_dir(&f, O_WRONLY);
	e = fd < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (fd < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: fsync - open %s failed %d\n",
				procid, opno, f.path, e);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	e = fsync(fd) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%lld: fsync %s %d\n", procid, opno, f.path, e);
	free_pathname(&f);
	close(fd);
}

char *
gen_random_string(int len)
{
	static const char charset[] = "0123456789"
		"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
		"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ";
	int i;
	char *s;

	if (len == 0)
		return NULL;

	s = malloc(len);
	if (!s)
		return NULL;

	for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
		s[i] = charset[random() % sizeof(charset)];

	return s;
}

void
getattr_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
	int		fd;
	int		e;
	pathname_t	f;
	uint		fl;
	int		v;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_ANYm, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v))
		append_pathname(&f, ".");
	fd = open_path(&f, O_RDWR);
	e = fd < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();

	e = ioctl(fd, FS_IOC_GETFLAGS, &fl);
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%lld: getattr %s %u %d\n", procid, opno, f.path, fl, e);
	free_pathname(&f);
	close(fd);
}

void
getdents_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
	DIR		*dir;
	pathname_t	f;
	int		v;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_ANYDIR, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v))
		append_pathname(&f, ".");
	dir = opendir_path(&f);
	check_cwd();
	if (dir == NULL) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: getdents - can't open %s\n",
				procid, opno, f.path);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	while (readdir64(dir) != NULL)
		continue;
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%lld: getdents %s 0\n", procid, opno, f.path);
	free_pathname(&f);
	closedir(dir);
}

void
getfattr_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
	fent_t	        *fep;
	int		e;
	pathname_t	f;
	int		v;
	char            name[XATTR_NAME_BUF_SIZE];
	char            *value = NULL;
	int             value_len;
	int             xattr_num;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_REGFILE | FT_ANYDIR, r, &f, NULL, &fep, &v)) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: getfattr - no filename\n", procid, opno);
		goto out;
	}
	check_cwd();

	/*
	 * If the file/dir has xattrs, pick one randomly, otherwise attempt
	 * to read a xattr that doesn't exist (fgetxattr should fail with
	 * errno set to ENOATTR (61) in this case).
	 */
	if (fep->xattr_counter > 0)
		xattr_num = (random() % fep->xattr_counter) + 1;
	else
		xattr_num = 0;

	e = generate_xattr_name(xattr_num, name, sizeof(name));
	if (e < 0) {
		printf("%d/%lld: getfattr - file %s failed to generate xattr name: %d\n",
		       procid, opno, f.path, e);
		goto out;
	}

	value_len = getxattr(f.path, name, NULL, 0);
	if (value_len < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: getfattr file %s name %s failed %d\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path, name, errno);
		goto out;
	}

	/* A xattr without value.*/
	if (value_len == 0) {
		e = 0;
		goto out_log;
	}

	value = malloc(value_len);
	if (!value) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: getfattr file %s failed to allocate buffer with %d bytes\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path, value_len);
		goto out;
	}

	e = getxattr(f.path, name, value, value_len) < 0 ? errno : 0;
out_log:
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%lld: getfattr file %s name %s value length %d %d\n",
		       procid, opno, f.path, name, value_len, e);
out:
	free(value);
	free_pathname(&f);
}

void
link_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
	int		e;
	pathname_t	f;
	fent_t		*fep;
	fent_t		*fep_src;
	flist_t		*flp;
	int		id;
	pathname_t	l;
	int		parid;
	int		v;
	int		v1;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_NOTDIR, r, &f, &flp, &fep_src, &v1)) {
		if (v1)
			printf("%d/%lld: link - no file\n", procid, opno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	if (!get_fname(FT_DIRm, random(), NULL, NULL, &fep, &v))
		parid = -1;
	else
		parid = fep->id;
	v |= v1;
	init_pathname(&l);
	e = generate_fname(fep, flp - flist, &l, &id, &v1);
	v |= v1;
	if (!e) {
		if (v) {
			(void)fent_to_name(&l, fep);
			printf("%d/%lld: link - no filename from %s\n",
				procid, opno, l.path);
		}
		free_pathname(&l);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	e = link_path(&f, &l) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (e == 0)
		add_to_flist(flp - flist, id, parid, fep_src->xattr_counter);
	if (v) {
		printf("%d/%lld: link %s %s %d\n", procid, opno, f.path, l.path,
			e);
		printf("%d/%lld: link add id=%d,parent=%d\n", procid, opno, id, parid);
	}
	free_pathname(&l);
	free_pathname(&f);
}

void
listfattr_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
	fent_t	        *fep;
	int		e;
	pathname_t	f;
	int		v;
	char            *buffer = NULL;
	int             buffer_len;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_REGFILE | FT_ANYDIR, r, &f, NULL, &fep, &v)) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: listfattr - no filename\n", procid, opno);
		goto out;
	}
	check_cwd();

	e = listxattr(f.path, NULL, 0);
	if (e < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: listfattr %s failed %d\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path, errno);
		goto out;
	}
	buffer_len = e;
	if (buffer_len == 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: listfattr %s - has no extended attributes\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path);
		goto out;
	}

	buffer = malloc(buffer_len);
	if (!buffer) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: listfattr %s failed to allocate buffer with %d bytes\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path, buffer_len);
		goto out;
	}

	e = listxattr(f.path, buffer, buffer_len) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%lld: listfattr %s buffer length %d %d\n",
		       procid, opno, f.path, buffer_len, e);
out:
	free(buffer);
	free_pathname(&f);
}

void
mkdir_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
	int		e;
	pathname_t	f;
	fent_t		*fep;
	int		id;
	int		parid;
	int		v;
	int		v1;

	if (!get_fname(FT_ANYDIR, r, NULL, NULL, &fep, &v))
		parid = -1;
	else
		parid = fep->id;
	init_pathname(&f);
	e = generate_fname(fep, FT_DIR, &f, &id, &v1);
	v |= v1;
	if (!e) {
		if (v) {
			(void)fent_to_name(&f, fep);
			printf("%d/%lld: mkdir - no filename from %s\n",
				procid, opno, f.path);
		}
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	e = mkdir_path(&f, 0777) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (e == 0)
		add_to_flist(FT_DIR, id, parid, 0);
	if (v) {
		printf("%d/%lld: mkdir %s %d\n", procid, opno, f.path, e);
		printf("%d/%lld: mkdir add id=%d,parent=%d\n", procid, opno, id, parid);
	}
	free_pathname(&f);
}

void
mknod_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
	int		e;
	pathname_t	f;
	fent_t		*fep;
	int		id;
	int		parid;
	int		v;
	int		v1;

	if (!get_fname(FT_ANYDIR, r, NULL, NULL, &fep, &v))
		parid = -1;
	else
		parid = fep->id;
	init_pathname(&f);
	e = generate_fname(fep, FT_DEV, &f, &id, &v1);
	v |= v1;
	if (!e) {
		if (v) {
			(void)fent_to_name(&f, fep);
			printf("%d/%lld: mknod - no filename from %s\n",
				procid, opno, f.path);
		}
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	e = mknod_path(&f, S_IFCHR|0444, 0) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (e == 0)
		add_to_flist(FT_DEV, id, parid, 0);
	if (v) {
		printf("%d/%lld: mknod %s %d\n", procid, opno, f.path, e);
		printf("%d/%lld: mknod add id=%d,parent=%d\n", procid, opno, id, parid);
	}
	free_pathname(&f);
}

#ifdef HAVE_SYS_MMAN_H
struct print_flags mmap_flags[] = {
	{ MAP_SHARED, "SHARED"},
	{ MAP_PRIVATE, "PRIVATE"},
	{ -1, NULL}
};

#define translate_mmap_flags(flags)	  \
	({translate_flags(flags, "|", mmap_flags);})
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_SYS_MMAN_H
static void
do_mmap(opnum_t opno, long r, int prot)
{
	char		*addr;
	int		e;
	pathname_t	f;
	int		fd;
	size_t		len;
	int64_t		lr;
	off64_t		off;
	int		flags;
	struct stat64	stb;
	int		v;
	char		st[1024];
	sigjmp_buf	sigbus_jmpbuf;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_REGFILE, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v)) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: do_mmap - no filename\n", procid, opno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	fd = open_path(&f, O_RDWR);
	e = fd < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (fd < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: do_mmap - open %s failed %d\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path, e);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	if (fstat64(fd, &stb) < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: do_mmap - fstat64 %s failed %d\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path, errno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		close(fd);
		return;
	}
	inode_info(st, sizeof(st), &stb, v);
	if (stb.st_size == 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: do_mmap - %s%s zero size\n", procid, opno,
			       f.path, st);
		free_pathname(&f);
		close(fd);
		return;
	}

	lr = ((int64_t)random() << 32) + random();
	off = (off64_t)(lr % stb.st_size);
	off = rounddown_64(off, sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE));
	len = (size_t)(random() % MIN(stb.st_size - off, FILELEN_MAX)) + 1;

	flags = (random() % 2) ? MAP_SHARED : MAP_PRIVATE;
	addr = mmap(NULL, len, prot, flags, fd, off);
	e = (addr == MAP_FAILED) ? errno : 0;
	if (e) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: do_mmap - mmap failed %s%s [%lld,%d,%s] %d\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path, st, (long long)off,
			       (int)len, translate_mmap_flags(flags), e);
		free_pathname(&f);
		close(fd);
		return;
	}

	if (prot & PROT_WRITE) {
		if ((e = sigsetjmp(sigbus_jmpbuf, 1)) == 0) {
			sigbus_jmp = &sigbus_jmpbuf;
			memset(addr, nameseq & 0xff, len);
		}
	} else {
		char *buf;
		if ((buf = malloc(len)) != NULL) {
			memcpy(buf, addr, len);
			free(buf);
		}
	}
	munmap(addr, len);
	/* set NULL to stop other functions from doing siglongjmp */
	sigbus_jmp = NULL;

	if (v)
		printf("%d/%lld: %s %s%s [%lld,%d,%s] %s\n",
		       procid, opno, (prot & PROT_WRITE) ? "mwrite" : "mread",
		       f.path, st, (long long)off, (int)len,
		       translate_mmap_flags(flags),
		       (e == 0) ? "0" : "Bus error");

	free_pathname(&f);
	close(fd);
}
#endif

void
mread_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
#ifdef HAVE_SYS_MMAN_H
	do_mmap(opno, r, PROT_READ);
#endif
}

void
mwrite_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
#ifdef HAVE_SYS_MMAN_H
	do_mmap(opno, r, PROT_WRITE);
#endif
}

void
punch_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
#ifdef HAVE_LINUX_FALLOC_H
	do_fallocate(opno, r, FALLOC_FL_PUNCH_HOLE);
#endif
}

void
zero_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
#ifdef HAVE_LINUX_FALLOC_H
	do_fallocate(opno, r, FALLOC_FL_ZERO_RANGE);
#endif
}

void
collapse_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
#ifdef HAVE_LINUX_FALLOC_H
	do_fallocate(opno, r, FALLOC_FL_COLLAPSE_RANGE);
#endif
}

void
insert_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
#ifdef HAVE_LINUX_FALLOC_H
	do_fallocate(opno, r, FALLOC_FL_INSERT_RANGE);
#endif
}

void
read_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
	char		*buf;
	int		e;
	pathname_t	f;
	int		fd;
	size_t		len;
	int64_t		lr;
	off64_t		off;
	struct stat64	stb;
	int		v;
	char		st[1024];

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_REGFILE, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v)) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: read - no filename\n", procid, opno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	fd = open_path(&f, O_RDONLY);
	e = fd < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (fd < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: read - open %s failed %d\n",
				procid, opno, f.path, e);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	if (fstat64(fd, &stb) < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: read - fstat64 %s failed %d\n",
				procid, opno, f.path, errno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		close(fd);
		return;
	}
	inode_info(st, sizeof(st), &stb, v);
	if (stb.st_size == 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: read - %s%s zero size\n", procid, opno,
			       f.path, st);
		free_pathname(&f);
		close(fd);
		return;
	}
	lr = ((int64_t)random() << 32) + random();
	off = (off64_t)(lr % stb.st_size);
	lseek64(fd, off, SEEK_SET);
	len = (random() % FILELEN_MAX) + 1;
	buf = malloc(len);
	e = read(fd, buf, len) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	free(buf);
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%lld: read %s%s [%lld,%d] %d\n",
		       procid, opno, f.path, st, (long long)off, (int)len, e);
	free_pathname(&f);
	close(fd);
}

void
readlink_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
	char		buf[PATH_MAX];
	int		e;
	pathname_t	f;
	int		v;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_SYMm, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v)) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: readlink - no filename\n", procid, opno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	e = readlink_path(&f, buf, PATH_MAX) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%lld: readlink %s %d\n", procid, opno, f.path, e);
	free_pathname(&f);
}

void
readv_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
	char		*buf;
	int		e;
	pathname_t	f;
	int		fd;
	size_t		len;
	int64_t		lr;
	off64_t		off;
	struct stat64	stb;
	int		v;
	char		st[1024];
	struct iovec	*iov = NULL;
	int		iovcnt;
	size_t		iovb;
	size_t		iovl;
	int		i;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_REGFILE, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v)) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: readv - no filename\n", procid, opno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	fd = open_path(&f, O_RDONLY);
	e = fd < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (fd < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: readv - open %s failed %d\n",
				procid, opno, f.path, e);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	if (fstat64(fd, &stb) < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: readv - fstat64 %s failed %d\n",
				procid, opno, f.path, errno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		close(fd);
		return;
	}
	inode_info(st, sizeof(st), &stb, v);
	if (stb.st_size == 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: readv - %s%s zero size\n", procid, opno,
			       f.path, st);
		free_pathname(&f);
		close(fd);
		return;
	}
	lr = ((int64_t)random() << 32) + random();
	off = (off64_t)(lr % stb.st_size);
	lseek64(fd, off, SEEK_SET);
	len = (random() % FILELEN_MAX) + 1;
	buf = malloc(len);

	iovcnt = (random() % MIN(len, IOV_MAX)) + 1;
	iov = calloc(iovcnt, sizeof(struct iovec));
	iovl = len / iovcnt;
	iovb = 0;
	for (i=0; i<iovcnt; i++) {
		(iov + i)->iov_base = (buf + iovb);
		(iov + i)->iov_len  = iovl;
		iovb += iovl;
	}

	e = readv(fd, iov, iovcnt) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	free(buf);
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%lld: readv %s%s [%lld,%d,%d] %d\n",
		       procid, opno, f.path, st, (long long)off, (int)iovl,
		       iovcnt, e);
	free_pathname(&f);
	close(fd);
}

void
removefattr_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
	fent_t	        *fep;
	int		e;
	pathname_t	f;
	int		v;
	char            name[XATTR_NAME_BUF_SIZE];
	int             xattr_num;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_REGFILE | FT_ANYDIR, r, &f, NULL, &fep, &v)) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: removefattr - no filename\n", procid, opno);
		goto out;
	}
	check_cwd();

	/*
	 * If the file/dir has xattrs, pick one randomly, otherwise attempt to
	 * remove a xattr that doesn't exist (fremovexattr should fail with
	 * errno set to ENOATTR (61) in this case).
	 */
	if (fep->xattr_counter > 0)
		xattr_num = (random() % fep->xattr_counter) + 1;
	else
		xattr_num = 0;

	e = generate_xattr_name(xattr_num, name, sizeof(name));
	if (e < 0) {
		printf("%d/%lld: removefattr - file %s failed to generate xattr name: %d\n",
		       procid, opno, f.path, e);
		goto out;
	}

	e = removexattr(f.path, name) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%lld: removefattr file %s name %s %d\n",
		       procid, opno, f.path, name, e);
out:
	free_pathname(&f);
}

struct print_flags renameat2_flags [] = {
	{ RENAME_NOREPLACE, "NOREPLACE"},
	{ RENAME_EXCHANGE, "EXCHANGE"},
	{ RENAME_WHITEOUT, "WHITEOUT"},
	{ -1, NULL}
};

#define translate_renameat2_flags(mode)        \
	({translate_flags(mode, "|", renameat2_flags);})

static void
do_renameat2(opnum_t opno, long r, int mode)
{
	fent_t		*dfep;
	int		e;
	pathname_t	f;
	fent_t		*fep;
	flist_t		*flp;
	int		id;
	pathname_t	newf;
	int		oldid = 0;
	int		parid;
	int		oldparid = 0;
	int		which;
	int		v;
	int		v1;

	/* get an existing path for the source of the rename */
	init_pathname(&f);
	which = (mode == RENAME_WHITEOUT) ? FT_DEVm : FT_ANYm;
	if (!get_fname(which, r, &f, &flp, &fep, &v1)) {
		if (v1)
			printf("%d/%lld: rename - no source filename\n",
				procid, opno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}

	/*
	 * Both pathnames must exist for the RENAME_EXCHANGE, and in
	 * order to maintain filelist/filename integrity, we should
	 * restrict exchange operation to files of the same type.
	 */
	if (mode == RENAME_EXCHANGE) {
		which = 1 << (flp - flist);
		init_pathname(&newf);
		if (!get_fname(which, random(), &newf, NULL, &dfep, &v)) {
			if (v)
				printf("%d/%lld: rename - no target filename\n",
					procid, opno);
			free_pathname(&newf);
			free_pathname(&f);
			return;
		}
		if (which == FT_DIRm && (fents_ancestor_check(fep, dfep) ||
		    fents_ancestor_check(dfep, fep))) {
			if (v)
				printf("%d/%lld: rename(REXCHANGE) %s and %s "
					"have ancestor-descendant relationship\n",
					procid, opno, f.path, newf.path);
			free_pathname(&newf);
			free_pathname(&f);
			return;
		}
		v |= v1;
		id = dfep->id;
		parid = dfep->parent;
	} else {
		/*
		 * Get an existing directory for the destination parent
		 * directory name.
		 */
		if (!get_fname(FT_DIRm, random(), NULL, NULL, &dfep, &v))
			parid = -1;
		else
			parid = dfep->id;
		v |= v1;

		/*
		 * Generate a new path using an existing parent directory
		 * in name.
		 */
		init_pathname(&newf);
		e = generate_fname(dfep, flp - flist, &newf, &id, &v1);
		v |= v1;
		if (!e) {
			if (v) {
				(void)fent_to_name(&f, dfep);
				printf("%d/%lld: rename - no filename from %s\n",
					procid, opno, f.path);
			}
			free_pathname(&newf);
			free_pathname(&f);
			return;
		}
	}
	e = rename_path(&f, &newf, mode) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (e == 0) {
		int xattr_counter = fep->xattr_counter;
		bool swap = (mode == RENAME_EXCHANGE) ? true : false;
		int ft = flp - flist;

		oldid = fep->id;
		oldparid = fep->parent;

		/*
		 * Swap the parent ids for RENAME_EXCHANGE, and replace the
		 * old parent id for the others.
		 */
		if (ft == FT_DIR || ft == FT_SUBVOL)
			fix_parent(oldid, id, swap);

		if (mode == RENAME_WHITEOUT) {
			fep->xattr_counter = 0;
			add_to_flist(flp - flist, id, parid, xattr_counter);
		} else if (mode == RENAME_EXCHANGE) {
			fep->xattr_counter = dfep->xattr_counter;
			dfep->xattr_counter = xattr_counter;
		} else {
			del_from_flist(flp - flist, fep - flp->fents);
			add_to_flist(flp - flist, id, parid, xattr_counter);
		}
	}
	if (v) {
		printf("%d/%lld: rename(%s) %s to %s %d\n", procid,
			opno, translate_renameat2_flags(mode), f.path,
			newf.path, e);
		if (e == 0) {
			printf("%d/%lld: rename source entry: id=%d,parent=%d\n",
				procid, opno, oldid, oldparid);
			printf("%d/%lld: rename target entry: id=%d,parent=%d\n",
				procid, opno, id, parid);
		}
	}
	free_pathname(&newf);
	free_pathname(&f);
}

void
rename_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
	do_renameat2(opno, r, 0);
}

void
rnoreplace_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
	do_renameat2(opno, r, RENAME_NOREPLACE);
}

void
rexchange_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
	do_renameat2(opno, r, RENAME_EXCHANGE);
}

void
rwhiteout_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
	do_renameat2(opno, r, RENAME_WHITEOUT);
}

void
resvsp_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
	int		e;
	pathname_t	f;
	int		fd;
	struct xfs_flock64	fl;
	int64_t		lr;
	off64_t		off;
	struct stat64	stb;
	int		v;
	char		st[1024];

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_REGFILE, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v)) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: resvsp - no filename\n", procid, opno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	fd = open_path(&f, O_RDWR);
	e = fd < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (fd < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: resvsp - open %s failed %d\n",
				procid, opno, f.path, e);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	if (fstat64(fd, &stb) < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: resvsp - fstat64 %s failed %d\n",
				procid, opno, f.path, errno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		close(fd);
		return;
	}
	inode_info(st, sizeof(st), &stb, v);
	lr = ((int64_t)random() << 32) + random();
	off = (off64_t)(lr % MIN(stb.st_size + (1024 * 1024), MAXFSIZE));
	off %= maxfsize;
	fl.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
	fl.l_start = off;
	fl.l_len = (off64_t)(random() % (1024 * 1024));
	e = xfsctl(f.path, fd, XFS_IOC_RESVSP64, &fl) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%lld: xfsctl(XFS_IOC_RESVSP64) %s%s %lld %lld %d\n",
		       procid, opno, f.path, st,
			(long long)off, (long long)fl.l_len, e);
	free_pathname(&f);
	close(fd);
}

void
rmdir_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
	int		e;
	pathname_t	f;
	fent_t		*fep;
	int		oldid;
	int		oldparid;
	int		v;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_DIRm, r, &f, NULL, &fep, &v)) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: rmdir - no directory\n", procid, opno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	e = rmdir_path(&f) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (e == 0) {
		oldid = fep->id;
		oldparid = fep->parent;
		del_from_flist(FT_DIR, fep - flist[FT_DIR].fents);
	}
	if (v) {
		printf("%d/%lld: rmdir %s %d\n", procid, opno, f.path, e);
		if (e == 0)
			printf("%d/%lld: rmdir del entry: id=%d,parent=%d\n",
				procid, opno, oldid, oldparid);
	}
	free_pathname(&f);
}

void
setattr_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
	int		fd;
	int		e;
	pathname_t	f;
	uint		fl;
	int		v;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_ANYm, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v))
		append_pathname(&f, ".");
	fd = open_path(&f, O_RDWR);
	e = fd < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();

	fl = attr_mask & (uint)random();
	e = ioctl(fd, FS_IOC_SETFLAGS, &fl);
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%lld: setattr %s %x %d\n", procid, opno, f.path, fl, e);
	free_pathname(&f);
	close(fd);
}

void
setfattr_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
	int		e;
	pathname_t	f;
	fent_t	        *fep;
	int		v;
	int             value_len;
	char            name[XATTR_NAME_BUF_SIZE];
	char            *value = NULL;
	int             flag = 0;
	int             xattr_num;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_REGFILE | FT_ANYDIR, r, &f, NULL, &fep, &v)) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: setfattr - no filename\n", procid, opno);
		goto out;
	}
	check_cwd();

	if ((fep->xattr_counter > 0) && (random() % 2)) {
		/*
		 * Use an existing xattr name for replacing its value or
		 * create again a xattr that was previously deleted.
		 */
		xattr_num = (random() % fep->xattr_counter) + 1;
		if (random() % 2)
			flag = XATTR_REPLACE;
	} else {
		/* Use a new xattr name. */
		xattr_num = fep->xattr_counter + 1;
		/*
		 * Don't always use the create flag because even if our xattr
		 * counter is 0, we may still have xattrs associated to this
		 * file (this happens when xattrs are added to a file through
		 * one of its other hard links), so we can end up updating an
		 * existing xattr too.
		 */
		if (random() % 2)
			flag = XATTR_CREATE;
	}

	/*
	 * The maximum supported value size depends on the filesystem
	 * implementation, but 100 bytes is a safe value for most filesystems
	 * at least.
	 */
	value_len = random() % 101;
	value = gen_random_string(value_len);
	if (!value && value_len > 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: setfattr - file %s failed to allocate value with %d bytes\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path, value_len);
		goto out;
	}
	e = generate_xattr_name(xattr_num, name, sizeof(name));
	if (e < 0) {
		printf("%d/%lld: setfattr - file %s failed to generate xattr name: %d\n",
		       procid, opno, f.path, e);
		goto out;
	}

	e = setxattr(f.path, name, value, value_len, flag) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	if (e == 0)
		fep->xattr_counter++;
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%lld: setfattr file %s name %s flag %s value length %d: %d\n",
		       procid, opno, f.path, name, xattr_flag_to_string(flag),
		       value_len, e);
out:
	free(value);
	free_pathname(&f);
}

void
snapshot_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
#ifdef HAVE_BTRFSUTIL_H
	enum btrfs_util_error	e;
	pathname_t		f;
	pathname_t		newf;
	fent_t			*fep;
	int			id;
	int			parid;
	int			v;
	int			v1;
	int			err;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_SUBVOLm, r, &f, NULL, &fep, &v)) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: snapshot - no subvolume\n", procid,
			       opno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	init_pathname(&newf);
	parid = fep->id;
	err = generate_fname(fep, FT_SUBVOL, &newf, &id, &v1);
	v |= v1;
	if (!err) {
		if (v) {
			(void)fent_to_name(&f, fep);
			printf("%d/%lld: snapshot - no filename from %s\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path);
		}
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	e = btrfs_util_create_snapshot(f.path, newf.path, 0, NULL, NULL);
	if (e == BTRFS_UTIL_OK)
		add_to_flist(FT_SUBVOL, id, parid, 0);
	if (v) {
		printf("%d/%lld: snapshot %s->%s %d(%s)\n", procid, opno,
		       f.path, newf.path, e, btrfs_util_strerror(e));
		printf("%d/%lld: snapshot add id=%d,parent=%d\n", procid, opno,
		       id, parid);
	}
	free_pathname(&newf);
	free_pathname(&f);
#endif
}

void
stat_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
	int		e;
	pathname_t	f;
	struct stat64	stb;
	int		v;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_ANYm, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v)) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: stat - no entries\n", procid, opno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	e = lstat64_path(&f, &stb) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%lld: stat %s %d\n", procid, opno, f.path, e);
	free_pathname(&f);
}

void
subvol_create_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
#ifdef HAVE_BTRFSUTIL_H
	enum btrfs_util_error	e;
	pathname_t		f;
	fent_t			*fep;
	int			id;
	int			parid;
	int			v;
	int			v1;
	int			err;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_ANYDIR, r, NULL, NULL, &fep, &v))
		parid = -1;
	else
		parid = fep->id;
	err = generate_fname(fep, FT_SUBVOL, &f, &id, &v1);
	v |= v1;
	if (!err) {
		if (v) {
			(void)fent_to_name(&f, fep);
			printf("%d/%lld: subvol_create - no filename from %s\n",
			       procid, opno, f.path);
		}
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	e = btrfs_util_create_subvolume(f.path, 0, NULL, NULL);
	if (e == BTRFS_UTIL_OK)
		add_to_flist(FT_SUBVOL, id, parid, 0);
	if (v) {
		printf("%d/%lld: subvol_create %s %d(%s)\n", procid, opno,
		       f.path, e, btrfs_util_strerror(e));
		printf("%d/%lld: subvol_create add id=%d,parent=%d\n", procid,
		       opno, id, parid);
	}
	free_pathname(&f);
#endif
}

void
subvol_delete_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
#ifdef HAVE_BTRFSUTIL_H
	enum btrfs_util_error	e;
	pathname_t		f;
	fent_t			*fep;
	int			v;
	int			oldid;
	int			oldparid;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_SUBVOLm, r, &f, NULL, &fep, &v)) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d:%lld: subvol_delete - no subvolume\n", procid,
			       opno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	e = btrfs_util_delete_subvolume(f.path, 0);
	check_cwd();
	if (e == BTRFS_UTIL_OK) {
		oldid = fep->id;
		oldparid = fep->parent;
		delete_subvol_children(oldid);
		del_from_flist(FT_SUBVOL, fep - flist[FT_SUBVOL].fents);
	}
	if (v) {
		printf("%d/%lld: subvol_delete %s %d(%s)\n", procid, opno, f.path,
		       e, btrfs_util_strerror(e));
		if (e == BTRFS_UTIL_OK)
			printf("%d/%lld: subvol_delete del entry: id=%d,parent=%d\n",
			       procid, opno, oldid, oldparid);
	}
	free_pathname(&f);
#endif
}

void
symlink_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
	int		e;
	pathname_t	f;
	fent_t		*fep;
	int		i;
	int		id;
	int		len;
	int		parid;
	int		v;
	int		v1;
	char		*val;

	if (!get_fname(FT_ANYDIR, r, NULL, NULL, &fep, &v))
		parid = -1;
	else
		parid = fep->id;
	init_pathname(&f);
	e = generate_fname(fep, FT_SYM, &f, &id, &v1);
	v |= v1;
	if (!e) {
		if (v) {
			(void)fent_to_name(&f, fep);
			printf("%d/%lld: symlink - no filename from %s\n",
				procid, opno, f.path);
		}
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	len = (int)(random() % PATH_MAX);
	val = malloc(len + 1);
	if (len)
		memset(val, 'x', len);
	val[len] = '\0';
	for (i = 10; i < len - 1; i += 10)
		val[i] = '/';
	e = symlink_path(val, &f) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (e == 0)
		add_to_flist(FT_SYM, id, parid, 0);
	free(val);
	if (v) {
		printf("%d/%lld: symlink %s %d\n", procid, opno, f.path, e);
		printf("%d/%lld: symlink add id=%d,parent=%d\n", procid, opno, id, parid);
	}
	free_pathname(&f);
}

/* ARGSUSED */
void
sync_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
	sync();
	if (verbose)
		printf("%d/%lld: sync\n", procid, opno);
}

void
truncate_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
	int		e;
	pathname_t	f;
	int64_t		lr;
	off64_t		off;
	struct stat64	stb;
	int		v;
	char		st[1024];

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_REGFILE, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v)) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: truncate - no filename\n", procid, opno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	e = stat64_path(&f, &stb) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (e > 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: truncate - stat64 %s failed %d\n",
				procid, opno, f.path, e);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	inode_info(st, sizeof(st), &stb, v);
	lr = ((int64_t)random() << 32) + random();
	off = (off64_t)(lr % MIN(stb.st_size + (1024 * 1024), MAXFSIZE));
	off %= maxfsize;
	e = truncate64_path(&f, off) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%lld: truncate %s%s %lld %d\n", procid, opno, f.path,
		       st, (long long)off, e);
	free_pathname(&f);
}

void
unlink_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
	int		e;
	pathname_t	f;
	fent_t		*fep;
	flist_t		*flp;
	int		oldid;
	int		oldparid;
	int		v;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_NOTDIR, r, &f, &flp, &fep, &v)) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: unlink - no file\n", procid, opno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	e = unlink_path(&f) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (e == 0) {
		oldid = fep->id;
		oldparid = fep->parent;
		del_from_flist(flp - flist, fep - flp->fents);
	}
	if (v) {
		printf("%d/%lld: unlink %s %d\n", procid, opno, f.path, e);
		if (e == 0)
			printf("%d/%lld: unlink del entry: id=%d,parent=%d\n",
				procid, opno, oldid, oldparid);
	}
	free_pathname(&f);
}

void
unresvsp_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
	int		e;
	pathname_t	f;
	int		fd;
	struct xfs_flock64	fl;
	int64_t		lr;
	off64_t		off;
	struct stat64	stb;
	int		v;
	char		st[1024];

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_REGFILE, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v)) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: unresvsp - no filename\n", procid, opno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	fd = open_path(&f, O_RDWR);
	e = fd < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (fd < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: unresvsp - open %s failed %d\n",
				procid, opno, f.path, e);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	if (fstat64(fd, &stb) < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: unresvsp - fstat64 %s failed %d\n",
				procid, opno, f.path, errno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		close(fd);
		return;
	}
	inode_info(st, sizeof(st), &stb, v);
	lr = ((int64_t)random() << 32) + random();
	off = (off64_t)(lr % MIN(stb.st_size + (1024 * 1024), MAXFSIZE));
	off %= maxfsize;
	fl.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
	fl.l_start = off;
	fl.l_len = (off64_t)(random() % (1 << 20));
	e = xfsctl(f.path, fd, XFS_IOC_UNRESVSP64, &fl) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%lld: xfsctl(XFS_IOC_UNRESVSP64) %s%s %lld %lld %d\n",
		       procid, opno, f.path, st,
			(long long)off, (long long)fl.l_len, e);
	free_pathname(&f);
	close(fd);
}

void
uring_read_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
#ifdef URING
	do_uring_rw(opno, r, O_RDONLY);
#endif
}

void
uring_write_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
#ifdef URING
	do_uring_rw(opno, r, O_WRONLY);
#endif
}

void
write_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
	char		*buf;
	int		e;
	pathname_t	f;
	int		fd;
	size_t		len;
	int64_t		lr;
	off64_t		off;
	struct stat64	stb;
	int		v;
	char		st[1024];

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_REGm, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v)) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: write - no filename\n", procid, opno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	fd = open_path(&f, O_WRONLY);
	e = fd < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (fd < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: write - open %s failed %d\n",
				procid, opno, f.path, e);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	if (fstat64(fd, &stb) < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: write - fstat64 %s failed %d\n",
				procid, opno, f.path, errno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		close(fd);
		return;
	}
	inode_info(st, sizeof(st), &stb, v);
	lr = ((int64_t)random() << 32) + random();
	off = (off64_t)(lr % MIN(stb.st_size + (1024 * 1024), MAXFSIZE));
	off %= maxfsize;
	lseek64(fd, off, SEEK_SET);
	len = (random() % FILELEN_MAX) + 1;
	buf = malloc(len);
	memset(buf, nameseq & 0xff, len);
	e = write(fd, buf, len) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	free(buf);
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%lld: write %s%s [%lld,%d] %d\n",
		       procid, opno, f.path, st, (long long)off, (int)len, e);
	free_pathname(&f);
	close(fd);
}

void
writev_f(opnum_t opno, long r)
{
	char		*buf;
	int		e;
	pathname_t	f;
	int		fd;
	size_t		len;
	int64_t		lr;
	off64_t		off;
	struct stat64	stb;
	int		v;
	char		st[1024];
	struct iovec	*iov = NULL;
	int		iovcnt;
	size_t		iovb;
	size_t		iovl;
	int		i;

	init_pathname(&f);
	if (!get_fname(FT_REGm, r, &f, NULL, NULL, &v)) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: writev - no filename\n", procid, opno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	fd = open_path(&f, O_WRONLY);
	e = fd < 0 ? errno : 0;
	check_cwd();
	if (fd < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: writev - open %s failed %d\n",
				procid, opno, f.path, e);
		free_pathname(&f);
		return;
	}
	if (fstat64(fd, &stb) < 0) {
		if (v)
			printf("%d/%lld: writev - fstat64 %s failed %d\n",
				procid, opno, f.path, errno);
		free_pathname(&f);
		close(fd);
		return;
	}
	inode_info(st, sizeof(st), &stb, v);
	lr = ((int64_t)random() << 32) + random();
	off = (off64_t)(lr % MIN(stb.st_size + (1024 * 1024), MAXFSIZE));
	off %= maxfsize;
	lseek64(fd, off, SEEK_SET);
	len = (random() % FILELEN_MAX) + 1;
	buf = malloc(len);
	memset(buf, nameseq & 0xff, len);

	iovcnt = (random() % MIN(len, IOV_MAX)) + 1;
	iov = calloc(iovcnt, sizeof(struct iovec));
	iovl = len / iovcnt;
	iovb = 0;
	for (i=0; i<iovcnt; i++) {
		(iov + i)->iov_base = (buf + iovb);
		(iov + i)->iov_len  = iovl;
		iovb += iovl;
	}

	e = writev(fd, iov, iovcnt) < 0 ? errno : 0;
	free(buf);
	free(iov);
	if (v)
		printf("%d/%lld: writev %s%s [%lld,%d,%d] %d\n",
		       procid, opno, f.path, st, (long long)off, (int)iovl,
		       iovcnt, e);
	free_pathname(&f);
	close(fd);
}

char *
xattr_flag_to_string(int flag)
{
	if (flag == XATTR_CREATE)
		return "create";
	if (flag == XATTR_REPLACE)
		return "replace";
	return "none";
}