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ffmpeg/doc/snow.txt

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=============================================
SNOW Video Codec Specification Draft 20070103
=============================================
Intro:
======
This Specification describes the snow syntax and semmantics as well as
how to decode snow.
The decoding process is precissely described and any compliant decoder
MUST produce the exactly same output for a spec conformant snow stream.
For encoding though any process which generates a stream compliant to
the syntactical and semmantical requirements and which is decodeable by
the process described in this spec shall be considered a conformant
snow encoder.
Definitions:
============
MUST the specific part must be done to conform to this standard
SHOULD it is recommended to be done that way, but not strictly required
ilog2(x) is the rounded down logarithm of x with basis 2
ilog2(0) = 0
Type definitions:
=================
b 1-bit range coded
u unsigned scalar value range coded
s signed scalar value range coded
Bitstream syntax:
=================
frame:
header
prediction
residual
header:
keyframe b MID_STATE
if(keyframe || always_reset)
reset_contexts
if(keyframe){
version u header_state
always_reset b header_state
temporal_decomposition_type u header_state
temporal_decomposition_count u header_state
spatial_decomposition_count u header_state
colorspace_type u header_state
chroma_h_shift u header_state
chroma_v_shift u header_state
spatial_scalability b header_state
max_ref_frames-1 u header_state
qlogs
}
spatial_decomposition_type s header_state
qlog s header_state
mv_scale s header_state
qbias s header_state
block_max_depth s header_state
qlogs:
for(plane=0; plane<2; plane++){
quant_table[plane][0][0] s header_state
for(level=0; level < spatial_decomposition_count; level++){
quant_table[plane][level][1]s header_state
quant_table[plane][level][3]s header_state
}
}
reset_contexts
*_state[*]= MID_STATE
prediction:
for(y=0; y<block_count_vertical; y++)
for(x=0; x<block_count_horizontal; x++)
block(0)
block(level):
if(keyframe){
intra=1
y_diff=cb_diff=cr_diff=0
}else{
if(level!=max_block_depth){
s_context= 2*left->level + 2*top->level + topleft->level + topright->level
leaf b block_state[4 + s_context]
}
if(level==max_block_depth || leaf){
intra b block_state[1 + left->intra + top->intra]
if(intra){
y_diff s block_state[32]
cb_diff s block_state[64]
cr_diff s block_state[96]
}else{
ref_context= ilog2(2*left->ref) + ilog2(2*top->ref)
if(ref_frames > 1)
ref u block_state[128 + 1024 + 32*ref_context]
mx_context= ilog2(2*abs(left->mx - top->mx))
my_context= ilog2(2*abs(left->my - top->my))
mvx_diff s block_state[128 + 32*(mx_context + 16*!!ref)]
mvy_diff s block_state[128 + 32*(my_context + 16*!!ref)]
}
}else{
block(level+1)
block(level+1)
block(level+1)
block(level+1)
}
}
residual:
FIXME
Tag description:
----------------
version
0
this MUST NOT change within a bitstream
always_reset
if 1 then the range coder contexts will be reset after each frame
temporal_decomposition_type
0
temporal_decomposition_count
0
spatial_decomposition_count
FIXME
colorspace_type
0
this MUST NOT change within a bitstream
chroma_h_shift
log2(luma.width / chroma.width)
this MUST NOT change within a bitstream
chroma_v_shift
log2(luma.height / chroma.height)
this MUST NOT change within a bitstream
spatial_scalability
0
max_ref_frames
maximum number of reference frames
this MUST NOT change within a bitstream
ref_frames
minimum of the number of available reference frames and max_ref_frames
for example the first frame after a key frame always has ref_frames=1
spatial_decomposition_type
wavelet type
0 is a 9/7 symmetric compact integer wavelet
1 is a 5/3 symmetric compact integer wavelet
others are reserved
stored as delta from last, last is reset to 0 if always_reset || keyframe
qlog
quality (logarthmic quantizer scale)
stored as delta from last, last is reset to 0 if always_reset || keyframe
mv_scale
stored as delta from last, last is reset to 0 if always_reset || keyframe
FIXME check that everything works fine if this changes between frames
qbias
dequantization bias
stored as delta from last, last is reset to 0 if always_reset || keyframe
block_max_depth
maximum depth of the block tree
stored as delta from last, last is reset to 0 if always_reset || keyframe
quant_table
quantiztation table
Range Coder:
============
FIXME
Neighboring Blocks:
===================
left and top are set to the respective blocks unless they are outside of
the image in which case they are set to the Null block
top-left is set to the top left block unless it is outside of the image in
which case it is set to the left block
if this block has no larger parent block or it is at the left side of its
parent block and the top right block is not outside of the image then the
top right block is used for top-right else the top-left block is used
Null block
y,cb,cr are 128
level, ref, mx and my are 0
Motion Vector Prediction:
=========================
1. the motion vectors of all the neighboring blocks are scaled to
compensate for the difference of reference frames
scaled_mv= (mv * (256 * (current_reference+1) / (mv.reference+1)) + 128)>>8
2. the median of the scaled left, top and top-right vectors is used as
motion vector prediction
3. the used motion vector is the sum of the predictor and
(mvx_diff, mvy_diff)*mv_scale
Intra DC Predicton:
======================
the luma and chroma values of the left block are used as predictors
the used luma and chroma is the sum of the predictor and y_diff, cb_diff, cr_diff
to reverse this in the decoder apply the following:
block[y][x].dc[0] += block[y][x-1].dc[0];
block[y][x].dc[1] += block[y][x-1].dc[1];
block[y][x].dc[2] += block[y][x-1].dc[2];
block[*][-1].dc[*]= 128;
Motion Compensation:
====================
FIXME
LL band prediction:
===================
Each sample in the LL0 subband is predicted by the median of the left, top and
left+top-topleft samples, samples outside the subband shall be considered to
be 0. To reverse this prediction in the decoder apply the following.
for(y=0; y<height; y++){
for(x=0; x<width; x++){
sample[y][x] += median(sample[y-1][x],
sample[y][x-1],
sample[y-1][x]+sample[y][x-1]-sample[y-1][x-1]);
}
}
sample[-1][*]=sample[*][-1]= 0;
width,height here are the width and height of the LL0 subband not of the final
video
Dequantizaton:
==============
FIXME
Wavelet Transform:
==================
Snow supports 2 wavelet transforms, the symmetric biorthogonal 5/3 integer
transform and a integer approximation of the symmetric biorthogonal 9/7
daubechies wavelet.
2D IDWT (inverse discrete wavelet transform)
--------------------------------------------
The 2D IDWT applies a 2D filter recursively, each time combining the
4 lowest frequency subbands into a single subband until only 1 subband
remains.
The 2D filter is done by first applying a 1D filter in the vertical direction
and then applying it in the horizontal one.
--------------- --------------- --------------- ---------------
|LL0|HL0| | | | | | | | | | | |
|---+---| HL1 | | L0|H0 | HL1 | | LL1 | HL1 | | | |
|LH0|HH0| | | | | | | | | | | |
|-------+-------|->|-------+-------|->|-------+-------|->| L1 | H1 |->...
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| LH1 | HH1 | | LH1 | HH1 | | LH1 | HH1 | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
--------------- --------------- --------------- ---------------
1D Filter:
----------
1. interleave the samples of the low and high frequency subbands like
s={L0, H0, L1, H1, L2, H2, L3, H3, ... }
note, this can end with a L or a H, the number of elements shall be w
s[-1] shall be considered equivalent to s[1 ]
s[w ] shall be considered equivalent to s[w-2]
2. perform the lifting steps in order as described below
5/3 Integer filter:
1. s[i] -= (s[i-1] + s[i+1] + 2)>>2; for all even i < w
2. s[i] += (s[i-1] + s[i+1] )>>1; for all odd i < w
\ | /|\ | /|\ | /|\ | /|\
\|/ | \|/ | \|/ | \|/ |
+ | + | + | + | -1/4
/|\ | /|\ | /|\ | /|\ |
/ | \|/ | \|/ | \|/ | \|/
| + | + | + | + +1/2
snows 9/7 Integer filter:
1. s[i] -= (3*(s[i-1] + s[i+1]) + 4)>>3; for all even i < w
2. s[i] -= s[i-1] + s[i+1] ; for all odd i < w
3. s[i] += ( s[i-1] + s[i+1] + 4*s[i] + 8)>>4; for all even i < w
4. s[i] += (3*(s[i-1] + s[i+1]) )>>1; for all odd i < w
\ | /|\ | /|\ | /|\ | /|\
\|/ | \|/ | \|/ | \|/ |
+ | + | + | + | -3/8
/|\ | /|\ | /|\ | /|\ |
/ | \|/ | \|/ | \|/ | \|/
(| + (| + (| + (| + -1
\ + /|\ + /|\ + /|\ + /|\ +1/4
\|/ | \|/ | \|/ | \|/ |
+ | + | + | + | +1/16
/|\ | /|\ | /|\ | /|\ |
/ | \|/ | \|/ | \|/ | \|/
| + | + | + | + +3/2
optimization tips:
following are exactly identical
(3a)>>1 == a + (a>>1)
(a + 4b + 8)>>4 == ((a>>2) + b + 2)>>2
TODO:
=====
Important:
finetune initial contexts
spatial_decomposition_count per frame?
flip wavelet?
try to use the wavelet transformed predicted image (motion compensated image) as context for coding the residual coefficients
try the MV length as context for coding the residual coefficients
use extradata for stuff which is in the keyframes now?
the MV median predictor is patented IIRC
Not Important:
spatial_scalability b vs u (!= 0 breaks syntax anyway so we can add a u later)
Credits:
========
Michael Niedermayer
Loren Merritt
Copyright:
==========
GPL + GFDL + whatever is needed to make this a RFC
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